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From YouTube: Day 1: Internet A Community of Peers
Description
The Internet relies on trust and collaboration between the people who build and maintain it. During this session, representatives from different continents will share how they’ve fostered the growth of Internet exchange points (IXPs) and technical communities, such as network operator groups (NOGs), in their respective regions. It will be an opportunity to celebrate successes, and to discuss challenges faced by local communities and the practical ways they overcame them.
Speakers: Luca Cicchelli, Yousef Torman, Jean-Baptiste Millogo
A
I
would
also
thanks
thank
massimilianos
tokyo
of
isaac
for
for
suggesting
my
name
in
speaking,
so
it
would
better
mentioning
him
too.
Just
about
myself,
I'm
intern
interconnection
manager
at
topics.
I
will
explain
later
what
topics
is
and
what
is
doing
and.
A
In
my
background,
I
have
several
years
in
the
interconnection
industry
and
I,
by
the
way,
just
as
related
as
a
community.
I
was
also
in
a
ux
board
for
six
years
in
the
past,
just
not
wasting
more
time
about
myself,
but
going
deeper
into
the
the
topic
of
the
discussion
of
today.
A
A
And
internet
exchange,
of
course,
so
we're
based
in
italy
and
especially
headquartered
in
turin,
so
torino,
turin,
tiring,
is
the
city
in
the
west
northwest
of
italy.
It's
just
close
to
the
alps
and
it's
the
city
that
now
for
just
for
people
who,
like
sports
to
in
these
days,
torino
is
hosting
the
atp
tennis
finals,
for
example,
but
is
well
famous
for
football,
for
europeans
or
soccers
for
us
based
people
for
the
team.
A
So
normally
it's
it's
a
topic
that
everybody
understand
and
also
lately
it
hosted
the
winter
olympic
games
in
2006..
So
apart,
this
geographical
introduction
topics
is
a
non-profit
consortium
that
was
created
in
2002.
A
A
I
arrived
later
by
the
way,
so
I
do
not
remember
exactly
how
many
there
there
was,
but
anyway,
and
it
was
an
initiative
for
the
local
government
that
indicated
the
local
consortium
that
is
providing
is
still
providing
ict
services
to
the
local
public
administration
to
create
something
for
the
for
the
enterprises
so,
and
so
they
focused
on
creating
an
ixp.
So
they
around
this
public-owned
consortium.
A
There
were
six
to
seven
isps
the
larger
isps
in
italy
that
decided
to
create
the
new
xp
ixp
in
italy,
as
there
was
already
two
existing
one
in
milan
and
the
other
in
rome.
A
So
the
the
aim
was
to
create
something
different
and
larger
in
terms
of
of
scope,
so
not
not
only
working
for
the
peering
that
is
still
one
of
the
key
activities
of
the
consortium,
but
also
working
in
the
interconnection
and
the
internet
at
large,
and
I
will
explain
later
how
we
are
performing
that
so
since
its
creation
in
2002
with
eight
round
founding
founding
members.
Now
we
are
at
more
90
members
that
are
all
the
companies
that
are
interconnecting
to
our
services,
but
not
only
so
also
the
companies
that
are
interested
to
support
the
activity.
A
So,
for
example,
actually
there
are
all
the
most
important
players
in
the
internet
in
italy,
and
not
only
and
globally,
but
also
some
players
as
local
universities
that
need
to
that
want
to
support
our
activities.
A
And
last
but
not
least,
we
also
have,
as
you
said,
if,
if
we
join
us
is,
is
a
representative
of
a
academic
research
networks.
We
all.
We
also
have
the
italian
academic
academic
research
network
that
is
connected
to
topics.
His
name
is
gar,
and
actually
we,
our
activities
are
divided
into
main
branches,
so
the
interconnection
so
and
and
the
other
what
we
call
the
development
program.
A
The
development
program
is
something
that
is
related
to
in
helping
initially
on
internet
startups,
but
new
ventures
also,
if
are,
are
generated
within
established
enterprises
when
they
approach
the
internet.
So,
for
example,
we
started
several
years
ago
in
providing
hosting
in
for
free
for
a
limited
time
of
period,
of
course,
to
these
internet
startups.
Then
the
activities
has
been
enlarged,
also
to
big
data
and,
for
example,
to
I
will
mention
later
one
special
product
project
that
is
behind
this
environment
that
is
related
to
the
local
schools.
A
Primary
primary
schools,
mainly
because
we
have
worked
in
team
with
other
players
to
provide
a
high
speed
connectivity
to
the
schools.
That's
something
that
has
became
very
important
on
the
recent
time
with
the
pandemic,
so
as
many
schools
as
all
over
the
world
closed
their
classrooms,
their
real
classrooms
to
migrate
them
to
the
virtual
classrooms.
So
connectivity
is
important.
A
It's
not
sufficient.
We
experienced,
but
it's
needed
to
to
have
these
the
the
the
the
pupils
lessons
alive
so
going
back
to
the
ixp
activity.
Actually,
so
we
we
are
not
only
based
in
what
in
in
in
the
city,.
A
But
it's
so
not
only
in
turin,
but
we
have
a
distributed
architectures
architecture
that
is
covering
different
cities,
less
important,
so
not
so
big
as
turin,
but
also
where
local
providers,
local
exps,
are
having
their
customers
and
their
activities.
A
So
we
we
are
providing
such
a
glue
from
the
big
cities
and
the
small
cities,
and
with
with
this
aim,
we
are
providing
mainly
three
services,
three
kind
of
services,
so
the
classical
peering.
For
example.
Now
our
ixp
is
exchanging
around
to
200
gigabits
per
second
of
big
traffic,
mainly,
of
course,
during.
A
The
the
evening
and
the
night
so
when
there
are
special
sports
events
or
as
many
others,
watching
films
and
so
on,
but
in
addition
to
that
just
to
in
favor
in
helping
the
local
community,
we
we
we
are
providing
also
a
marketplace
where
some
members
can
sell
services
to
other
members.
A
So
I
mentioned
before
localized
ps
that
are
not
directly
connected
to
the
big
cities
where
also
the
gra,
the
ip
transit
providers
are
available,
and
so
in
with
our
infrastructures,
we
with
our
platform,
local
providers
can
buy
ip
transit,
for
example,
from
these
transit
providers,
from
the
big
names
to
the
smaller
ones
and
as
a
third
example
of
how
we
leverage
our
infrastructure.
B
A
Enlarging
their
in
enlarging
their
footprint,
so,
for
example,
if
a
local
provider
that
is
in
a
small
city
a
want
to
cover
also
a
small
city
b,
where
we
have
a
pop,
we
we
can
provide
the
point-to-point
connectivity.
So
let
me
say,
is
as
a
wholesale
operator
for
the
community
just
to
close
my
intervention
and
then
I
think
many.
If
there
are
questions
I
can
answer
and
also
not
to
to
stole
time
to
my
fellows.
A
Also,
you
youssef
has
joined
us
so
nice
to
meet
you
joseph,
and
so
we
how
we
work
so
just
some
final
comments
and
how
we
work
to
the
community
with
the
community.
So
we
work,
for
example,
leveraging.
So
when
we
open
a
new
local
pop
for
the
service.
I've
already
mentioned,
we
work
with
the
community
of
the
local
isps,
so
it's
a
joint
effort
and
we
try
to
leverage
existing
infrastructure.
A
So
in,
for
example,
we
do
not
build
an
existing
tower,
but
we
try
to
leverage
existing
infrastructures,
especially
in
the
mountains
in
rural
areas.
We
try
to
leverage
also
and
to
work
with
existing
fiber,
so
not
to
dig,
of
course,
but
there
are,
for
example,
just
to
give
you
an
example
in
a
valet
that
is
going
from
touring
to
the
france.
A
There
is
a
motorway
when,
where
the
the
the
motorway
company,
of
course,
has
fibers
cable
favor
as
a
cable
or
multiple
cables
in
on
the
route,
and
so
we
we
have
involved
them
having
some
pairs
of
optical
fibers,
just
to
bring
some
local
pops
there
along
the
valley
so
enlarging
our
footprint
and
but
again
not
for
the
direct
market
but
as
a
wholesaler.
A
A
So
these
are
the
just
a
couple
of
examples:
how
we
can
we
we
work
with
the
community,
not
only
the
the
isp
community,
but
also
infrastructure,
the
community,
that
is
that
can
provide
infrastructure
to
to
the
ict
services.
So
I
think
I
can
stop
here
and
then
I
mute
myself,
but
if
there
will
be
some
questions,
I
will
very
happy
to
to
answer.
C
B
Thanks,
maybe
I
will
follow
and
thanks
luca
for
this
great
news
and
what
you
are
doing
with
community
and
your
side
in
there.
So
from
myself,
I'm
I'm
jean-baptiste
milogo,
I'm
living
in
lockline
country,
burkina
faso.
For
those
who
knows
a
little
bit
africa.
It
is
in
west
africa,
and
so,
as
you
know,
we
have
no
access
to
the
submarine
cable
directly
that
to
our
location
and
start
from
2015.
B
We
start
working
with
all
community
which
include
mobile
operators
and
internet
providers
and
government,
and
we
work
together
to
build
appealing
community
this
world,
first
of
all,
to
try
to
provide
some
better
experience
better
and
data
access
experience
for
our
customers
for
those
who
are
customers,
but
we
are
also
trying
to
reduce
the
need
of
capacity
and
to
to
have
a
way
to
have
some
kind
of
economic,
sustainable
approach
for
operators
that
to
our
location
and
basing
on
that.
We
start
with.
B
Let
me
say:
I'm
three
members
working
on
the
ixp
and
from
2015
to
now
our
community
growth
to
15
members
and
those
15
members
in
terms
of
impact
on
data
traffic
in
the
country
we
move
from.
Let
me
say
two
megabyte
data
traffic
in
action
point
to
now
around
37
gigabyte,
daily
traffic
for
a
long
long
country.
This
is
a
more
impacting
internet
ecosystem
in
our
region.
B
B
So
this
is
today
our
approach
and
from
one
and
switch
fabric.
We
are
now
two
switch
fabric
inside
the
country
and
we
are
trying
now
to
to
be
able
and
to
connect
our
never
countries
like
mali
or
nijay,
because
those
countries
are
also
a
local
country
and
we
are,
in
general,
the
same
capacity
challenge
and
the
impact
we
are
living
here.
We
think
that
we
can
support
those
neighbor
country
to
to
to
add
more
better
experience
in
data
traffic.
B
So
maybe
I
can
stop
here
and
give
a
flow
to
my
colleague,
yousef
and.
C
I
hope
you
can
hear
me
perfect
so
hello
again
and
thank
you
all
for
special
thanks
to
hannah
for
including
me
as
a
speaker
and
in
this
very
important
session
and
very
important
community.
C
Actually,
I
prepared
the
slides,
but
as
long
as
no
other
one
is
presenting
slides.
So
I
oh
you're,
sharing
my
slides.
That's
perfect!
That's
really
perfect!
So,
okay,
we
are.
We
are
now
integrating
engaging
and
doing
the
engagement
between
science,
research
and
education
with
internet
society.
It's
not
only
it's
a
big,
it's
a
huge
community
and
it's
really
important
for
both
for
us
at
as
research
education
communities.
C
C
So
research,
education
networks
are
dedicated
networks,
for
they
are
non-commercial
internet.
They
are
dedicated
for
researcher
education,
to
connect,
research
and
communication,
research,
education,
that
institutions
like
universities,
hospitals,
museums
and
research,
centers,
whatever
institution
that
works,
as
as
as.
C
That
doing
research
or
education
or
supports
that
don't
worry
regarding
the
slides,
I'm
fine,
so
it
comes
at
various
levels.
The
first
level
is
a
national
national
level
which
connects
the
national
institution
into
a
national
network
within
the
national
networks,
are
connected
at
the
regional
network.
To
leave
it
to
go
to
form.
There
is
a
regional
one
and
then
all
together
they
form
the
global
global
ignorance,
global
research,
education
network
at
asrin.
C
Okay,
there
are
many
drivers,
technical,
technological
and
social
and
economics,
so
I
have
to
avoid
the
waste
the
time.
For
the
sake
of
time
I
would,
I
would
skip
that
and
go
to
the
next
slide.
Please
I'm
sorry,
for
bothering
you
with
my
moving
my
slides.
I
don't
know
how
to
move
it
from
myself
from
my
side.
C
So
research
education
networks
are
again,
they
are
they
for
reliable
infrastructure
and
communications.
We
are
exactly
the
same
as
internet.
We
use
the
internet
also,
but
we
try
to
make
it
a
dedicated
environment
to
to
make
sure
that
the
research
education
that
people
communities
are
well
connected
through
secure
and
high
level
quality,
high
level,
equality
and
so
on.
C
If
it
bothers
you,
I
can
share
the
screen
from
my
from
my
end.
I'm
sorry
for
that.
If
it's
okay
with
you,
then
I
will
proceed
so
ashram
is
the
original
research
education
network.
We
mentioned
national,
regional
and
the
global.
So
austrian
is
the
national
research
research
education
network
that
connects
the
arab
region
into
a
global
research
education
network.
C
We
mainly
connect
to
europe
and
from
europe
we
go
to
the
rest
of
the
world.
We
have
various
objectives
mainly
to
connect.
Then
the
second
objective
is
to
to
support
the
development
of
national
research
education
network
in
the
arab
region
in
arab
states
that
belong
to
asrin,
and
we
also
work
on
capacity
building,
providing
services
and
access
mechanisms
to
the
communities
we
do
conferences
and
so
on,
can
you
we
move
to
the
next
next
slide.
Please.
C
Okay,
actually,
we've
skipped
two
slides,
but
I
can't
cover
them.
Don't
worry.
Astralis
region
is
evolving.
Now
we
have
various
entrance
in
the
arab
region,
that's
in
cooperation
with
the
arab
states
and
arab
governments,
and
so
on.
We
have,
as
you
see,
research
education
took
in
most
of
their
in
many
of
the
other
countries,
not
most
of
them
around
12
or
14
out
of
22,
which
is
a
good
number,
but
still
we
look
forward
to
have
more
our
main
areas
of
intervention
with
the
for
the
community.
C
In
general,
we
provide
connectivity
dedicated
connectivity,
so
we
are
now
connecting
jordan.
We
are
connecting
morocco,
algeria,
tunisia,
egypt,
syria,
palestine,
sorry,
palestine,
lebanon
in
edison.
We
are
peering
with
the
gulf
entrance
in
europe.
This
is
the
for
the
connectivity,
but
further
the
connectivity
we
provide
services
like
we
call
it
a
community
service,
starting
from
the
what
we
serve
the
user
mobility.
We
have
eduroam
service
where
the
ad
rom
is
a
global
service
that
it's
it's
a
wi-fi,
but
a
global
wi-fi
network
service.
C
It's
a
global
wi-fi
service
that
connects
communities.
So,
for
example,
I
have
a
an
eduroam
account,
so
any
university
around
the
world.
I
go
there.
I
just
connect,
as
if
I'm
connecting
to
my
office,
wi-fi
office
or
wi-fi
in
in
my
home,
for
example.
So
it's
a
very
important
service
that
we
provide
to
the
community.
We
provide
federation
of
access
actually,
which
is
now
it's
a
need.
We
used
to
provide
digital
digital
certificate
to
make
secure
access.
Now
we
are
establishing
a
global
federation
of
access
network
idp
based
it
got
idiogain
it's.
C
C
We
are
now
more
engaged
into
science,
science
cooperation.
So
we
are
part
of
the
open
science
community.
We
are
open
of
the
open
access
community.
We
provide
means
for
our
for
harvesting
all
the
research,
all
the
research
and
education
data
repositories
to
be
look
like
through
one
platform
so
that
it
can
be
accessible
through
to
our
communities,
communities
and
so
on.
C
So
aselin
now
is
partnering
with
the
world.
I
can
say
that,
because
we
are
all
over
the
world,
we
have
partners
all
over
the
world
and
recognized
by
the
world
bank,
recognized
by
the
united
nations,
unesco
nicotine
states
escua
and
all
of
that-
and
I
want
to
focus
also
on
internet
society.
C
We
have
been
working
for,
inter
with
internet
society
for
the
last
10
years,
and
the
collaboration
is
started
by
generously
internet
society
provided
us
with
a
huge
router
that
was
installed
as
the
first
point
of
presence
for
us
in
london,
and
we
are
proud,
I'm
thankful
for
for
for
ice
work
on
that.
Can
we
move
the
next
slide?
Please.
C
Okay,
so,
as
I
said,
we
have,
we
start
our.
As
I
said
we
are,
I
can
hear
you
go
now.
Okay,
now
it's
okay,
our
our
collaboration
with
the
with
the
ice
hockey
started
ten
years
ago,
but
we
recently
last
year.
We
have
wanted
to
make
it
into
a
lack
of
like
we
signed
him
ou
so
that
we
can
just
strengthen
our
ties
and
so
on.
The
main
three
pillars
of
the
our
mou
is
about
capacity
building
is
training
on
various
topics
that
are
covered
by
by
isil
collaboration,
also
in
manners.
C
We
are
now
promoting
manners
to
our
community
and
we
we
implemented
that
in
various
sites
and
so
on.
We
are
part
of
it.
The
other
pillar
for
cooperation
is
developing
assets.
So
we
are
trying
to
support
to
seek
the
support
of
isaac
through
various
dimensions,
to
support
a
development
of
us
in
terms
of.
C
Like
lobbying
with
the
research,
education,
community
ministries
and
ict
ministries,
because
it's
really
complicated
to
to
send
the
message
to
the
decision
makers
that
there
is
a
need-
because
they
cannot
distinguish,
for
example,
between
the
research,
education
network
and
the
traditional
internet-
and
they
are
not
willing
to
invest
as
long
as
they
have
internet
but
dedicated.
It
needs
a
lot
of
well-being
and
we
decided
we.
We
are
discussing
that
with
the
with
icehock
to
see
how
they
they
can
support
us.
C
This
is
the
we
celebrated
the
signature
of
the
ceremony.
I
would
like
to
thank
jen
kaffin,
first
of
all,
and
also
kevin
near
minnesota,
and
I
don't
know
first,
we
want
to
thank
hannah.
Who
was
the
key
for
establishing
this
and
signing
the
same
ou?
Can
I
move
to
the
next
slide?
Please.
C
So,
among
our
cooperation
we
have
been.
Isaac
has
been
very
supportive.
They
sponsored
most
of
our
our
conferences
and
we
have
on
the
other
side.
We
have
to
appreciate
them,
so
they
have
been
invited
to
be
appreciated
in
the
various
conferences
and
starting
from
salaam
yamu
to
kevin,
minil
and
or
to
also
recently
near
me.
C
C
So
we
have
various
course
shops
together
with
with
the
ice
hock,
they
have
been
either
sponsored
or
supported
by
by
ice
hock
in
various
office,
mainly
manners
internet
society
in
tennessee
security,
I'm
sorry
and
and
droughting,
and
so
on.
So
we
are
also
very
thankful.
Can
you
to
the
next
slide?
Please.
C
This
is
a
project
that
we
have
to
mention
because
we
are
loyal.
They
have
been.
This
project
has
been
supported
us
for
the
last
six
years,
with
a
lot
of
money
to
support
us,
so
just
to
mention
that
we
are
thankful
for
them
and
the
same
for
the
next
slide.
Please.
C
So
thank
you,
but
before
thanking
you,
actually,
we
are
working
hard
with
the
our
community
in
ice
and
icehock
mainly
to
to
work
on
strengthen
our
relationship.
We
are
inviting
them
to
our
conferences
that
we
are
inviting
you
all
actually
to
our
conference,
which
will
take
place
in
13th
to
15th
of
december,
and
I
trust
that
icework
will
be.
They
are
already
sponsoring
the
conference,
so
they
will
be
with
us
and
we
will
virtually
appreciate
them,
but
maybe
next
time
we
will
face
to
face,
appreciate
that
and
celebrate
our
part
cooperation.
C
We
are
now
looking
forward
to
two
kinds
of
cooperation
with
isoc.
One
of
them
is
again
to
work
on
lobbying
with
the
telecom
providers
with
the
curriculum
regulatory
regulatory
organizations,
ict
and
so
on,
to
reduce
the
to
work
on
how
we
can
reduce
the
cost
of
the
networks,
because,
actually,
especially
in
our
region,
they
are
sometimes
they
call.
The
prices
are
very
weird
compared
to
other
regions.
C
I
don't
want
to
mention
countries,
but
we
at
some
time
we
had
money
to
install
next
exchange
point
in
in
some
in
one
of
the
countries,
but
we
could
not
assert
because
of
the
cost
of
the
cross
connect
and
the
hosting
and
so
on.
So
we
are
working
with
the
hannah
and
preparing
some
kind
of
concept,
then
how
we
can
together
approach
people
of
stakeholders
who
are
responsible
on
decision
making
regarding
pricing
regarding
regulations
cross
connect.
C
So
this
is
one
concept
that
we
are
working
on
and
we
are
working
also
on
another
concept:
to
extend
our
infrastructure
to
have
a
new
point
of
presence
through
establishing
an
exchange
point
either
in
a
man
or
in
cairo.
This
depends
on
the
regulatory
and
political
situation
in
any
country
of
them,
so
we
are
looking
forward
to
further
cooperation.
C
I'm
sorry
if
I
spoke
too
much,
but
I
try
to
make
it
somebody.
So
our
we
have
very
fruitful
cooperation
and
our
community
are
well
thankful
and
they
are
now
exposed
to
isoc.
We
take
all
isaac,
messages
and
ice
fellowship
invitations
and
so
on
to
own
our
communities,
and
I
believe
one
of
them
have
been
participating
and
various
activities.
A
Fiber
cables,
but
before
that
I
I
used
remember
me
that
I
didn't
mention
what
we
are
doing
with
isoc.
So
it
was
a
great
mistake
by
me,
so
we
of
course
so
thanks
for
regarding
me.
A
Well
mainly,
you
already
mentioned
manners
and
we
are
supporting
manners
since
the
beginning
as
an
ixp,
so,
and
also
so
one
of
the
tasks
in
being
a
member
as
an
exp
is
also
educating
and
promoting
manners
with
isps
so
what
we
are
doing
in
apart
implementing
the
rules
of
manners
within
our
infrastructure.
A
We
are
you
also
educating,
let
me
say
our
isps
in
approaching
a
new
and
becoming
manners
members
and
when
there
was
the
opportunity
we
they
were
also
at
the
opportunity
to
have
one
manners
representative
here
in
turin
to
talk
directly
to
our
members.
So
that
was
much
more
effective
that
myself.
A
So
the
question
is
related
to
both
so
about
optical
fibers.
So
jean-baptiste
mentioned
other
countries
that
are
they're
close
to
burkina
faso.
So
so
my
question
is:
what
is
the
the
the
at
which
level
there
is
the
in?
A
There
are
infrastructure
within
different
countries
because
in
initially
you
mentioned
optical
fibers,
so
submarine
cables,
but
also
my
question
is
related
to
the
terrestrial
cables
and
the
the
same
question
is
for
usef,
but
for
submarine
cables,
because
now
there
is
a
an
increase
of
submarine
cables
from
africa.
I
mean
middle
east
to
to
europe,
so
I
and
you
are
probably
already
connected
to
zhang,
so
I'm
really
curious
how
you're
leveraging
these,
if
of
course,
and
what
you
can
disclose.
B
Okay,
thank
you
lika.
Maybe
yourself,
I
would
I
I
will
start
yeah
for
sure.
I
think
walker
and
yourself
know
what
it
is
west
african
university
network,
so
we
are
discussing
with
them
a
long
time
ago,
because
burkina
faso
and
fasoren
must
be.
I
think,
our
one
of
our
members
and
this
week's
extend
our
connectivity
to
all
android
include
yourself.
B
What
I
can
say
is,
in
general
burkina,
as
I
say,
is
a
lockland
country
and
we
have
access
to
visual,
caring
and
cable
through
several
countries
with
our
border,
but
the
two
countries
I
have
mentioned
mali
and
nijay
are
so
far
from
so-called
than
us
and
we
think
on.
B
What
we
are
trying
to
do
is
as
bunkina
is
connecting
to
the
summary
cable
and
as
our
peering
community
is
working
and
a
strong
one
currently,
and
as
we
have
asking
more
cdn
providers,
which
can
support
to
offload
our
international
capacity,
we
can
support
those
countries
via
entire
country.
Further
what
you
can
say
here,
internally
burkina.
B
Our
point
is
to
use
existing
fiber
between
the
country
and
to
make
some
kind
of
regional
peering
community,
which
can
support
and
impact
efficiency
and
the
exchange
point
or
appearing
community
in
niger
in
mali,
because
it
will
be
more
expensive
for
them
to
try
to
bring
some
cdn
via
burkina
or
so
so,
as
we
are
already
connecting.
We
can
try
to
extend
our
national
appealing
community
from
benefits
to
those
building
community
in
mali
in
buchanan,
and
it
is
more
impacting
regional
community.
B
B
B
C
Okay,
you
are
opening
you
a
very
big
question
that
may
take
the
rest
of
the
week.
However,
to
start
with
something
actually
it's
sometimes
our
region
is
very
funny.
It
is
really
contradicting.
For
example,
africa
is
one
of
the
richest
continents
in
terms
of
fiber
optical
fiber,
especially
the
around
especially
the
iran.
Maybe
across
countries.
C
But
at
the
same
time,
the
highest
pricing
for
internet
for
for
connecting
research
education
is
in
africa,
so
we
have
really
problem.
Sometimes
it
look,
some
some
people
ask
for
a
price,
and
sometimes
they
see
the
cost
and
the
what
is
the
difference
between
price
and
cost?
We
have
been
in
this
dilemma
with
the
operators
for
a
long
time,
so
our
main
problem
is
that
operators
are
network.
C
Or
even
actually,
we
are
not
competing
with
isps
we
are.
We
are
using
the
infrastructure
as
one
of
the
customers
we
are
not
competing,
but
they
still
some
operators
still,
maybe
recently,
there's
good
approach
from
orange
to
good
good
prices.
We
have
connected
tunisia
and
morocco
using
orange
orange,
offering,
which
was
good
pricing
compared
to
other
operators
within
these
countries.
Frankly,
so
the
complication
is
again
regulations
and
pricing
and
monopoly,
not
the
availability
of
fiber.
C
However,
we
have
I
in
my
region,
in
asia,
in
the
arab
region,
we
have
complication,
for
example,
it's
related
to
political
issues.
For
example,
we
cannot
connect
because
the
main
the
main
plan
for
us
to
have
main
exchange
point
and
all
these
countries
connected
to
this
exchange,
it's
traditional
model
where
nobody
can
can
come
up
with
a
new
invention.
C
I
have
to.
For
example,
tunisia
is
going
directly
to
his
peering
to
london,
morocco,
to
london,
algeria,
to
marseille
and
something
it's
really
funny.
We
could
not
bring
like
exchange
point
between
these
three
countries,
especially
between
algeria
and
morocco,
some
related
to
politics
and
there.
No,
there
is
no
cross-border
fiber.
C
C
We
are
trying
to
through
the
pre-the
project
if
you
are
working
with
it,
it's
an
itu,
with
the
partnership
between
itu
commission
and
the
african
union
to
support
to
work
on
policies
and
so
on
across
africa,
but
it
seems
that
they
are
not
there's
no
good
impact
and
so
on.
Maybe
the
the
best
thing
is
to
go
country
by
country,
and
this
could
be
if,
if,
if
is
supporting
us-
and
actually
I
and
hannah,
are
working
with
a
concert
on
this,
this
would
be
great
because
our
our
main
obstacle
is
fiber.