►
From YouTube: House Design Crash Course Webinar
Description
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A
Ok,
hello,
everyone
can
you
hear
me
I
hope,
so
so
welcome
to
the
house
design
trash
force.
My
name
is
Katerina
Mota.
I
am
the
founder
and
director
of
the
open
building
institute
and
also
on
the
line
is
my
partner,
Marcin
Jakubowski,
who
is
also
the
founder
and
director
of
open
source
ecology.
So
without
further
ado,
I
am
going
to
actually
switch
to
the
slides
and
we'll
get
started.
So
let
me
just
try
and
do
that.
A
C
A
Okay,
that
looks
good,
ok,
so
let's
first
talk
a
little
bit
about
what
we
are
going
to
cover
today.
So
this
webinar
is
focused
on
just
basic
principles
for
designing
the
structure
of
a
house
much
and
already
covered
the
utilities
a
couple
weeks
ago
in
a
separate
webinar,
and
to
do
that,
we're
going
to
cover
a
few
different
things,
we're
going
to
talk
about
design,
parameters
about
conceptual
design
and
then
we're
going
to
get
into
the
more
that
perior
part,
which
is
a
technical
design
and
that's
pretty
good
foundation,
walls,
floor
and
roof.
A
Let
me
to
see
if
we
have
any
ok,
no
issues
here.
Okay,
so
I
will
go
back
to
full
screen
mode
and
the
first
thing
that
we
need
to
take
into
account
our
design
parameters.
As
hopefully,
you
know,
the
open
building
institute
has
two
main
goals.
The
first
goal
is
to
open
source
housing,
the
house
design
in
building,
and
the
second
goal
is
to
make
eco
housing
at
more
accessible
and
affordable
for
two
more
people.
Now
to
accomplish
these
goals,
we
have
to
follow
a
series
of
ideas
or
parameters
in
our
design
process.
A
The
first
one
obviously
is
cost,
and
the
importance
of
cost
is,
you
know
obvious.
Is
that
if
something
is
quite
expensive,
then
it's
really
not,
then
it's
really
not
accessible.
So
the
very
first
thing
we
take
that
guides
is
in
our
design
process
is
how
much
is
it
this
is
going
to
cost?
How
much
is
this
choice
that
I'm
making
going
to
cost?
Now?
How
do
we
lower
costs?
We
do
it
by
reducing
inefficiencies
in
unnecessary
redundancy
that
has
been
incorporated
in
a
lot
of
house
building
practices
now.
A
The
second
parameter
is
related
to
the
first
one,
which
is
simplicity.
Obviously,
something
that
is
simple
or
simpler.
Designs
are
cheaper
and
easier
to
build,
and
then
we
had
the
third
one
is
efficiency.
Now
efficiency
can
mean
a
lot
of
things
and
we
apply
it
differently
in
many
different
things.
It
could
be
safe,
II
couldn't
good
things
such
as
using
natural
available
resources,
or
it
could
be.
You
know,
making
the
best
use
of
a
specific
resource,
and
that's
in
that
sense
that
I'm
going
to
be
talking
about
efficiency
today,
then
we
have
speaks
now.
A
Speed
is
probably
one
of
the
most
controversial
aspects
of
this
project
we
get
asked.
Often
why
do
you
need
to
build
a
house
in
five
days?
Why
can't
we
do
it
in
a
month
or
two
now.
The
reason
is
because
it
affects
the
bottom
line,
something
that
takes
a
long
time
to
build
or
longer
time
to
build,
is
going
to
cost
more.
A
It's
going
to
require
more
effort,
and
it's
going
to
use
up
more
resources,
so
speed
is
actually
critical,
not
only
to
accomplish
each
thing
project
each
single
build
individually,
but
also
to
enable
us
to
build
more
houses
for
more
people.
So
it
takes
us
two
months
to
build
a
house.
That
means
you
can
only
build
six
a
year
right.
If
it
takes
is
a
week,
then
we
can
go
a
lot
more
than
that.
A
Then
the
next
next
aspect
is
modularity.
Now
modularity
is
behind
all
the
other
parameters.
It's
what
enables
us
to
build
a
house
really
fast,
because
we
use
large
cruises
to
earth
people
normally.
This
is
done
in
the
context
of
a
workshop
that
working
parallel
building
each
of
these
modules
and
then
quickly,
assemble
them
into
place.
Much
enjoy
annex
I
mean
a
little
bit
about
modularity.
This
is
one
of
your
key
concepts.
I
do.
D
Want
to
chime
in
on
this.
Thank
you,
and
the
big
part
about
modularity
is
the
idea
simply
that
you're
from
okay
hardware
can
take
any
any
shape
and
form
by
imposing
modularity
you're,
saying,
okay,
we're
going
to
have
to
make
these
things
fit.
According
to
certain
rules,
according
to
modular
interface
design,
things
have
to
fit
with
each
other
and
therefore
you
you're
reducing
a
process
that
could
be
amorphous
into
something
that
is
well
defined
and
therefore
many
different
people
around
the
world
can
work
in
parallel
in
designing
and
building
modular
structure.
D
So
you
basically
constrain
the
build
system
to
a
much
more
well-defined
and
simple
one
which
allows
you
to
get
the
kinds
of
efficiencies
that
we
are
aiming
for.
So
the
modularity
is
the
key
to
why
so
many
different
teams
can
work
in
parallel
on
the
individual
modules
and
then
assemble
them
rapidly
into
place,
and
that's
our
hallmark
of
what
is
called
the
extreme
manufacturing
method,
which
I
think
is
very
unique,
very
important,
because
it
leads
to
these
extreme
efficiencies
that
that
we're
after
so
that's
a
reasonable
on
modularity.
Thank.
A
You,
okay,
so
also
related
to
this
is
the
aspect
of
human
scale.
So
that's
another
another
very
important
parameter
that
guides
our
design
say,
for
example,
that
you
design
is
really
beautiful,
amazing
house,
but
it
involves
the
use
of
several
cranes,
for
example.
Now
necessarily
that
is
going
to
make
it
more
expensive
in
considerably
more
complicated
to
organize
in
terms
of
production
and
logistics.
So
we
do
try
to
stay
on
the
human
scale.
Another
reason
is
say:
I
do
have
access
to
a
claim,
but
I'm
not
designing
just
for
myself.
A
You
know
the
last
parameter
are
the
trade
offs
now
this
is
all
fine
light,
cost
simplicity,
efficiency,
speed,
modularity
human
scale,
and
we
do
really
put
a
huge
emphasis
on
those
and
we
do
go
out
of
our
way
to
accomplish
each
and
every
one,
but
the
reality
is
that
we
often-
or
sometimes
we
can't
have
all
of
them.
So
one
very
important
thing
to
keep
in
mind
when
designing
is
that
there
are
no
perfect
solutions,
which
means
you
have
to
know
what
your
priorities
are,
and
you
have
to
understand
the
consequences
of
your
choices.
A
For
example,
say
you
really
want
arches
on
your
walls.
Now
arches
are
very
complex
elements.
They
are
difficult
to
build
and
they
require
quite
a
bit
of
scale
of
skill
and
usually
take
quite
a
bit
of
time.
So,
if
you
really
really
say
no
I
want
to
go
ahead
with
arches,
even
though
it's
going
to
take
longer
to
build,
and
you
have
to
know
that
you
run
the
risk
of
not
finishing
your
build
in
the
allotted
time.
A
You
have
to
understand
the
consequences
of
an
incomplete
house
and
we've
learned
this
the
hard
way
and
we've
learned
to
prioritize
feet
above
sometimes
or
other
things,
just
because
it's
better
to
have
a
finished
house
than
a
beautiful
house
with
full
of
arches
and
vaulted
ceilings.
Let's
just
our
take
on
it.
Okay,
so
now,
what
is
these
design
principles
mean?
Is
that
with
every
single
design
decision
and
there's
a
million
of
them
in
a
house?
We
ask
ourselves
a
series
of
questions.
A
The
very
first
one
is:
how
much
will
this
cost
so
I
designed
this
module
I
designed
this
house?
How
much
will
it
cost
meaning
can
I
actually
afford
to
build
it
and
then
I
asked
can
I
reduce
the
cost
further,
but
while
still
meeting
structure
and
usability
requirements,
so
this
is
a
fine
line
and
again
a
lot
of
decisions
are
made
here
and
then
there's
another
question
which
is
when
are
higher
costs
justified,
for
example,
we
may
design
a
module
that
is
going
to
cost
more,
but
is
going
to
be
faster
to
build.
A
So
at
that
point
this
is
one
of
those
trade-offs,
while
you
sake
well,
we
you
know,
delays
in
bills
also
represent
a
cost
right,
so
I
can
say.
No
I
would
rather
have
a
more
expensive
module
that
it
guarantees
me
that
I'm
going
to
just
going
to
get
billed
in
an
hour,
then
a
cheaper
module
that
may
take
days,
and
that
means
that
I'm
going
to
have
additional
costs,
hiring
a
crew
to
finish
the
building.
Now.
A
Another
question
has
to
do
with
the
human
scale
in
with
the
replicability
is:
is
this
simple
enough
to
be
built
by
amateurs?
We
want
to
make
housing
accessible
to
everyone,
which
means
we
really
really
have
to
simplify
things
and
while,
on
the
one
hand,
we
are
investing
a
lot
in
training
and,
in
instance,
killing
people,
we
also
understand
that
someone
doesn't
just
start
being
a
very
skilled
carpenter
with
20
years
of
experience.
They
have
to
start
somewhere.
A
A
So
it's
one
of
those
situations
where
we
decide
to
have
less
modules
and
more
complex,
because
we
assess
the
trade-off
should
be
worthwhile
now
the
other
question
has
to
do
with
efficiency,
which
is
how
can
I
make
the
best
use
of
certain
rescues
of
a
certain
resource
and
kin
it
to
double
duty?
We
love
double
duty
things.
We
love
the
double
duty
elements,
meaning
can
I
make
this
thing.
A
No
no
depression
about
modularity
is,
and
this
is
a
very
challenging
one-
is
we're
going
to
talk
a
lot
today
about
how
houses
are
traditionally
designed
and
built?
Where
are
the
principles
the
basic
requirement
that
every
bill
that
comes
across,
but
then,
even
after
that,
we
have
to
ask
ourselves
how
do
I
break
this
down
into
modules?
How
do
I
get
this
to
the
scale
that
I
need
right,
and
then
it's
not
just
a
matter
breaking
it
to
modules?
How
will
they
be
built
when
I'm
designing
a
module
and
muchness
designing
a
module?
A
We're
also
constantly
thinking
about
what
skills
does
this
require?
How
much
does
this
piece
way?
Can
it
be
done
this
way?
So
the
feasibility
of
the
whole
thing
doesn't
just
go
into
this
beautiful
design
too.
How
is
it
built
and
then
another
question
is:
how
long
will
it
take
to
build
really
take
half
a
day
or
really
take
an
hour?
If
I
have
50
module
this,
we
should
only
take
an
hour
to
each
otherwise.
A
I
cannot
build
this
in
the
proper,
appropriate
time
frame
and
then
another
really
create
an
interesting
question
that
sometimes
people
find
funny
is
every
single
module.
We
have
to
consider
way
the
weight
of
of
the
materials
meaning
if
we
are
lifting
a
module
onto
the
roof,
and
this
is
being
done
by
an
unskilled
crew
who's
doing
it
for
the
first
time
with
better
be
light,
because
otherwise
it's
too
risky.
It's
too
is
too
dangerous.
A
So
this
is
a
very
interesting
consideration
that
people
are
not
used
to
and
then
again
like
how
practical
would
it
be
to
carry
it
and
install
it
right
so
could
be
an
amazing
module,
but
if
it's
really
awkward,
it's
going
to
be
a
proud
glum
and
again
how
we're
going
to
lift
it
onto
the
roof
without
using
a
gray
and
then
lastly
pertaining
to
trade
offs.
We
asked
when
I
can't
have
cheaper,
better
easy
and
faster,
which
sometimes
happen
which
to
apply
to
prioritize
in
which
do
I
sacrifice,
and
how
can
I
balance
the
trade-off.
A
So
again,
this
a
lot
of
this
decision-making
comes
from
experience
from
having
gone
through
a
lot
of
build
and
learning
that
you
know
a
you
know
is
not
great,
but
it's
still
preferable
to
be
okay.
So
now,
let's
get
started
on
the
specifics
and
more
in
half
saree,
let's
focus
a
little
bit
on
the
conceptual
design,
meaning,
let's
think
about
when
you
start
when
you
start
designing
a
house.
The
first
thing
is
it
to
do
as
a
conceptual
design,
which
is
imagining
the
shape,
the
overall
shape
of
this
house.
A
What
it's
going
to
be
and
there's
a
list
here,
you
can
see
of
the
things
that
we
would
like
to
keep
in
mind
that
we
tend
to
keep
in
mind
when
designing
and
that
we
recommend
that
you
do
so.
The
first
one
is
shape
and
again
has
said
for
us
here
at
critical
pieces
to
keep
it
simple.
Simplicity
can
be
very
complex
to
achieve,
but
it's
definitely
worthwhile
and
the
reason
is,
for
example,
I
take
the
house
on
the
left.
It's
just
you
know
a
rectangle.
A
This
simple,
regular
shape
means
that
your
foundation
forms
in
your
roof
are
going
to
be
a
lot
easier
to
build
in
a
lot
cheaper.
Now
you
take
the
house
on
the
left
on
the
right.
It's
very
interesting
shape
wise,
but
that
is
going
to
increase
the
cost,
require
more
specialized
skills
and
labor
and
take
considerably
longer
to
build.
So
this
is
a
very
practical
aspect
which,
which
I
highly
suggest
you
take
into
account
when
designing
another
instance
of
simplicity.
A
lot
in
the
in
the
northern
hemisphere,
at
least
in
the
u.s.
A
gable
roofs,
are
the
norm
now
you
know
talking
about
the
triangular
roof,
but
we
use
skillion
roofs,
also
known
as
mono
slope
or
mono
pitch
or
share
books,
because
they
are
typically
the
simplest
and
easiest
to
build.
So
again,
this
goes
into
digging
a
little
deeper
going
be
up
beyond,
what's
conventional,
to
find.
What
is
a
simple
solution
that
we
can
implement.
A
Silver
orientation
is
another
very
important
decision
you
have
to
make
in
the
beginning
regarding
the
location
of
your
house,
so,
for
example,
we
normally
attach
greenhouses
to
our
houses,
and
we
also
like
to
play
solar
panels
on
the
roof.
Now
in
the
North,
mammoth
create
greenhouses
and
solar
panels
need
to
face
south.
So
that
means
that
already
you
have
a
constrain
as
to
the
orientation
of
your
house.
Another
thing
to
take
into
account,
for
example,
is
it
in
a
hot
climate.
A
You
may
want
to
locate
rooms
that
are
use
it
to
use
during
the
ray
the
day
in
the
north
side
of
the
house
and
keep
bedrooms
in
the
south
side
of
the
house,
so
they
make
the
best
use
of
day
and
night
temperatures
build
ability.
Once
again,
one
thing
are
the
the
dream
houses
that
we
imagine
other
thing
of
the
houses
that
we
can
effectively
in
affordably
build
in
this
requires
that
you
understand
something
about
building
techniques.
A
So
before
you
even
attempting
a
conceptual
design,
it's
good
to
have
a
notion
of
what's
feasible
or
how
feasible
is
it?
So?
This
means
that
you
need
to
understand
the
technical
and
practical
implications
of
your
designs
and
what
this
means
for
cost
time
and
skills
required.
For
example,
a
building
with
a
40
foot
by
40
foot,
open
space.
Vaulted
ceilings
is
no
posts.
Something
like
a
cathedral
is
definitely
buildable,
but
it
will
require
cranes,
custom
order
beams
in
the
specialized
group.
A
So
you
got
to
take
into
account
what
the
cost
of
your
design
design
decisions
are
efficiency.
So
again,
like
I
said,
we
really
really
like
double
duty
and
I
elements,
for
example,
and
and
that's
why
we
try
to
get
the
squeeze
the
most
juice
out
of
every
single
element
that
we
can,
and
here
are
a
few
examples
that
I
just
note
it
down
just
a
few.
The
foundation
in
the
roof
are
typically
the
most
costly
parts
of
the
building
and
even
have
a
foundation
in
the
roof.
A
No
matter
how
many
stories
you
have
so
to
make
the
most
of
this
investment,
it
may
make
sense
to
it
either
a
half
or
a
full
second
story
to
the
house.
The
cost
of
this
half
or
full
sorry
is
going
to
be
marginal
compared
to
what
the
roof
of
the
foundation
are
going
to
cost
you
anyway
another
another
example:
houses
with
sloped
roofs
usually
include
addicts
and
in
the
u.s.
at
least
many
of
those
addicts
are
unused.
A
This
has
to
be
with
usability
and
to
take
this
into
account
when
designing
access
phases,
such
as
corridors
or
stairs,
which
you
know
we
sometimes
corridors,
are
necessary
but
really
think
about
like
is
it?
Do
I
really
really
need
it,
because
it's
not
the
great
use
of
space
in
the
same
thing
with
fares,
spaces
under
stairs
try
to
make
the
most
users
every
square
foot,
because
that's
you
know
it's
to
your
benefit.
A
Is
the
responsible
thing
to
do
the
utilities,
so
the
utilities
are,
we
are
treating
them
almost
Whittingham,
a
separate
modules
and
they
are
developed.
A
separate
modules.
Marcin
is
leading
that
effort.
However,
they
do
have
to
be
taken
into
account
when
designing
a
house,
especially
in
considering
the
layout
for
a
couple
reasons.
One
is
running
pipes
and
wires
to
all
areas
of
the
house
as
cost
and
complexity
right.
A
So
one
recommendation
and
one
when
one
parameter
that
we
used
in
our
designs
is
to
locate
the
kitchen
in
the
bathroom
next
to
each
other
in
both
of
them
near
the
utility
room.
The
acuity
room
is
something
that
we
tend
to
attempt
to
houses
just
like
the
greenhouse.
It's
almost
like
the
brain
of
the
house
is
where
all
the
utilities
are
concentrated.
So
everything
emanates
from
that
all
utilities
emanate
from
that
one
space,
water,
sewage,
electricity,
Petra
and
then
the
the
the
second
to
last
parameter
is
usability.
A
And
this
is
something
that,
when
someone
else
is
when
a
contractor,
for
example,
is
building
a
house
without
understanding
or
knowing
much
about
who
is
going
to
use
is
they're
going
to
make
certain
choices.
But
if
you're
designing
your
own
house,
then
you
know
your
habits
very
well,
and
it's
worthwhile
to
spend
some
time
thinking
about
it.
For
example,
some
things
that
we
use
or
that
personally
value
I
like
to
include
in
our
designs,
open
herbal
windows
and
glass,
doors
on
all
walls,
provide
natural
light
and
cross
ventilation.
A
This
is
important
to
me
by
not
be
important
to
someone
else.
30-6
reach
wide
doors
and
ample
turning
space,
improve
accessibility
which
in
turn,
you
know,
helps
with
wheelchair
access
in
all
of
that,
I
also
always
think
you
include
a
patio
door,
because
it's
practical
and
when
moving
very
bulky
items
again,
it's
my
personal
choice.
It
comes
from
my
the
way.
I
live
from
from
practical
experience
of
living
in
houses.
You
may
make
a
different
choice,
but
it's
definitely.
A
If
we
decided,
we
don't,
like
the
you
know,
the
smells
from
the
know,
anything
like
that
or
the
noise,
or
anything
like
that.
So
it's
really
worthwhile
spending
time.
Thinking
about
how
you
use
a
house
in
designing
for
that
and
then
the
last
element
I
would
like
to
mention.
This
is
another
one
that
we
find
extremely
important
with
repairability.
So
we
go
out
of
our
way
to
design
for
repairs
and
modifications,
and
this
means
keeping
the
guts
of
the
house
accessible
in
the
future.
A
Not
just
during
the
construction
process
couple
examples:
we
usually
run
our
pipes
and
electric
wires
inaccessible
channels
on
the
floor,
the
water
or
along
the
ceiling
for
electrical,
and
this
allows
us
to
at
any
given
at
any
point
in
the
future,
access
repair,
mode,
I
or
add
to
these
connections
without
damaging
the
floor,
the
walls
we
don't
have
to
break
anything.
We
just
have
to
break
out
the
screwdriver
and
open
the
board,
and
we
have
access.
A
Another
example
is
in
instead
of
drywall,
which
is
a
typical
finishing
material
for
interiors.
We
use
screw
fast
and
wood
panels
for
interior
wall
sheathing.
This
means
that
again
we're
just
a
little
screwdriver.
We
can
remove
any
of
these
panels
at
any
moment
and
those
this
allows
us
to
monitor
for
possible
infiltration.
We
suspect
that
something
is
not
quite
right
to
add
outlets
in
etc,
checkers.
A
So,
basically
we
try
to
keep
the
most
important
part
of
the
guts
of
the
house
accessible
as
much
as
possible,
and
this
is
actually
quite
important
impressed,
especially
if
you
build
your
own
house
and
you
want
to
be
able
to
expand
it
and
repair
it
now.
Actually,
this
is
the
sourdough
second
to
last.
A
So
let's
put
a
door
there,
but
then
we
ended
up
paying
the
price
for
it
in
the
sense
that,
for
example,
of
one
of
our
walls
of
all,
we
want
to
attach
a
greenhouse
to
wasn't
perfectly
flat
on
the
outside.
Then
we
had
a
lot
of
trouble
in
creating
the
interface
between
those
two
modules
later
on.
So
now
we
design
taking
into
account
the
needs
of
expansion,
and
that
means,
if
we
have
to
plan
into
in
advance,
which
way
we're
going
to
expand
the
house
and
make
sure
that
the
condition
the
necessary
conditions
are
there.
A
This
means
perfectly
flat
walls
with
no
projections
so
that
we
can
easily
attach
other
walls
and
roofs
to
it.
It
means
concealed
doors
which,
in
this
house,
how
that
you
sing
here
this
model
is
the
one
we've
built
november
and
you
can
see
the
two
arrows.
This
one
is
barely
visible,
but
they
are
two
concealed
wall
to
conceal
doorways.
Actually,
so,
basically,
what
happens
is
we
frame?
This
area
of
the
wall
has
a
door
even
though
there's
no
door
there,
and
then
we
close
it
off.
A
So
you
can't
tell
right
now,
but
when
the
time
comes
to
expand,
we
just
remove
this
one
panel
and
add
the
door,
and
we
can
expand
in
this
way
or
this
way.
So
that's
another
one,
and
then
the
other
thing
that
we
struggle
with
in
the
past
that
we
also
learn
is
to
make
sure
that
the
roof
height
and
the
expansion
area
is
high
enough.
A
Now
we're
going
to
get
into
the
the
tricky
part,
which
is
the
technical
design
right.
So
we
did
a
conceptual
design,
we're
very
happy
with
it
and
now
it's
time
to
make
sure
to
these,
to
design
all
the
technical
details
and
make
sure
it's
build-up.
Buildable
now
technical
design
can
there
are
several
there
several
considerations
here.
A
A
So
we
use
those
guidelines
and
those
guidelines
are
based
on
the
fact
that
someone
else
the
team
of
engineers,
builders
and
architects
already
tested
all
of
these
things
so
they're
using
is
these
are
the
conclusions
we
have.
They
are
telling
us
for
situation
a
you
need
to
do
X
and
so
on
so
forth.
So
we
use
those
guidelines
a
lot
and
then
obviously
people
have
been
building
houses
for
millennia,
so
we
do
base
ourselves
a
lot
into
it.
What
is
common
practice?
What
is
normally
done
so
without
further
ado.
A
The
very
first
thing
we
need
to
take
into
consideration:
let's
just
go
a
little
bit.
I
want
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
loads,
and
this
is
a
very
most
house.
Design
is
the
most
hub
most
of
the
work
you're
going
to
be
doing.
Technique
in
technically
is
to
think
about
loads
and
how
your
house
is
going
to
resist
them.
Was
your
birthday
and
the
anticipated
loads
are
determined
by
three
parameters.
One
is
the
building's
intended
use
like
its
occupancy
and
function.
So
now
here
we're
talking
about
residences
for
one
or
two
families.
A
It's
configuration
its
size
and
shape
in
its
location
like
climate
in
the
site
conditions.
So
this
is
all
information
in
to
start
off
with
before
you
begin
your
technical
design.
Now,
let's
talk
a
little
bit
about
load,
so
vertical
load
are
typically
considered
when
you're
designing
floor
or
roof
assembly,
and
there
are
three
types
of
loads:
they
are
dead
loads,
which
are
basically
permanent
construction
materials,
and
this
means
how
much
is
my
floor
way.
How
much
does
my
roof
way?
A
How
much
you
my
walls
way
live
loads
in
this
is
typically
people
and
and
furniture
thing
that
can
be
moved
and
that
do
tend
to
move
and
then
snow
loads
which
apply
only
in
areas.
Obviously,
where
there
is
no
and
then
you
have
a
reason
to
load,
and
these
are
much
more
complex
because
they
are
harder
to
to
understand
and
they
include
wind
loads
and
earthquake
loads.
These
usually
require
quite
a
bit
of
calculation.
So
it's
another
area
where
we
do
use
the
guidelines
of
the
code
a
lot.
A
So
the
first
thing
we
need
to
in
order
to
understand
why
certain
choices
are
made
in
terms
of
technical
design
is
understanding.
General
modes
of
failure
of
a
house
I
mean
here.
You
have
three
of
them:
one
is
uplift,
so
basically
the
wind
could
lift,
usually
not
the
entire
house,
as
its
shown
here
could
lift
roof
of
your
house.
You
see
a
lot
of
that
after
hurricane
sliding
is
another
thing,
and
this
kind
of
failure
is
usually
caused
by
improper
connection
or
a
popular
attachment
of
the
house
to
the
foundation.
A
Again,
very
strong
winds
could
make
the
house
right
off
the
foundation
overturning
and
again
it's
when
it's
a
failure
of
a
connection
between
the
house
and
the
foundation
is
when
the
winds
basically
lift
the
house
off
of
the
foundation
in
then
wrapping
and
reckon
we're
going
to
talk
a
lot
more
about
later
and
I'll
explain
that
in
greater
detail
when
we
go
into
the
wall
so
that
loads.
Basically,
once
again,
we
refer
to
charge.
A
This
chart
specifically
comes,
if
I'm
not
mistaken,
from
the
department
of
housing
and
they're
already
telling
us
right
here
that
you
know
these
are
the
average.
This
is
this:
is
the
average
away
a
weight
of
you
know
a
certain
assembly,
so
a
light
frame.
Wood
roof
with
with
structural
panels,
usually
weighs
15
pounds
per
square
foot.
So
that's
what
psf
means
and
so
on
so
forth.
So
we
don't
have
to
reinvent
the
wheel.
We
can
just
find
this
chart.
Online
live
loads
once
again
have
already
been
calculated.
A
So
once
again,
they
are
telling
us
that
these
are
the
typical
live
loads,
for
you
know:
roof
fanatic
floors,
etc.
So
we
use
these
charts
as
well.
To
do
calculations,
and
then
we
have
to
look
into
the
specific
characteristics
of
the
location
of
a
building,
and
this
is
very,
very
important,
and
this
is
usually
provided
by
your
local
building
department.
If
you
will
go
on
their
website,
they
should
have
a
table.
That
looks
somewhat
like
this.
A
It
is
going
to
give
you
all
the
information
so
for
the
purpose
of
this
webinar
we're
going
to
use
a
not
a
high
speckle,
actually
a
real
building,
the
one
we
built
in
November
as
a
case
study
and
we're
going
to
adopt
certain
assumptions
about
the
location
of
that
building,
which
is
right
here
in
the
Kansas
City
area.
So
one
important
factor
is
that
we
know
we
have
20
pounds
per
square
foot
of
snow
that
the
the
maximum
wind
speed
in
this
region
is
90
miles
per
hour.
A
That's
already
a
small
hurricane
and
and
then
there's
a
serious
other
things.
There's
no
special
topographic
effect
here.
It's
not
a
special
winds
region,
meaning
we're
not
very
prone
to
hurricanes.
It's
a
seismic
design
category
a
which
means
that
the
likelihood
of
an
earthquake
here
is
really
really
low.
Now,
if
you're
in
the
seismic
zone,
then
your
design
parameters
are
going
to
be
quite
different.
You
can
have
a
lot
more
requirements
than
if
you're
in
the
zone
a
as
we
are
and
then
again
we
look
at
that.
A
Much
damage
from
weathering
I'm,
sorry
damage
from
weathering,
and
you
know
it
is
severe.
It's
a
very
humid
area
or
frost
line
that
for
36
inches,
meaning
the
ground
freezes
up
down
to
36
inches
below
the
grade.
In
that
we
do
have
a
mother
to
have
a
termite
risk
here.
Winter
design,
temperature,
60
degrees,
Fahrenheit,
are
freezing
index.
We're
going
to
be
using
this
number
later
on
to
determine
our
foundation
mean
annual
temperature
wind
exposure
category.
This
is
specific
to
the
building,
not
the
region.
A
It's
going
to
be
a
one
and
a
half
storey
light
rain
construction
building
it
measures
16
feet
by
48
feet
in
its
a
rectangular
shape
its
residential
and
the
upper
for
is
used
as
a
sleeping
area,
and
we
know
that
the
roof
dead
load
is
12
pounds
per
square
foot.
Well,
the
floor.
Dead
load
is
10
pounds
per
square
foot,
so
all
of
these
numbers
are
going
to
be
using
for
the
various
calculations
and
design
decisions.
A
A
Lumber
is
usually
organized
according
to
a
dimensional
system
and
the
dimensional
system
basically
just
says
that
the
piece
of
lumber
is
named
after
its
dimensions,
so
you
have
the
basic
ones
or
two
by
two
2
by
4
2
by
6
2
by
a
2
by
10
to
my
12,
now
you'd
think
that
a
two
by
two
would
be
two
inches
by
two
inches.
In
reality.
A
It
is
not
is
one
and
a
half
inch
by
one
and
a
half
inch
and
the
reason
why
it's
called
the
two
by
two
is
because,
when
lumberyards
are
preparing
these
boards,
they
start
with
a
piece
of
lumber
is
actually
two
inches
by
two
inches,
but
after
displaying
it,
etc,
etc,
ends
up
at
one
and
a
half
by
one
and
a
half.
So
again
you
don't
have
to
actually
measure
each
one
of
your
boards.
They
are
charts
online
that
tell
you
exactly
what
the
exact
dimensions
should
be
for
each
one
of
these.
A
So
again,
a
2
by
6
is
one
and
a
half
inches
high
by
five
and
a
half
wide,
and
then
we
are
similar.
A
similar
approach
applies
to
panel
show
in
the
US
typical
panel
measures
8
by
8
4
by
8
feet.
So
it's
44
feet
wide
by
by
eight
feet
long
and
we
work
with
typically
two
types
of
wood.
Structural
panels.
Plywood
in
osb,
in
with
structural
panels,
are
present
basically
very,
very
strong
wood
panels.
It
can
actually
support
a
lot
of
loads.
They
can
support
a
lot
of
weight
now.
A
So,
let's
start
by
talking
a
little
bit
about
the
foundation,
so
we're
going
to
start
from
the
bottom
now,
the
functions
of
the
foundation
are
to
transmit
loads
from
the
building
to
the
soil,
meaning
if
you
have
wind
or
snow
or
even
just
the
weight
of
the
building
itself.
That
needs
to
be
supported
by
the
soil,
underneath
the
foundation
in
the
foundation
plays
that
very
important
role
in
the
other.
One,
of
course,
is
it
holds
the
building
in
place.
A
You
don't
want
your
building
sliding
if
there's
flood
or
if
the
wind
is
very
strong,
so
it
does
anchor
it
in
place.
Now
there
are
many
many
different
types
of
foundation.
I
only
pulled
out
two
examples
here:
we
use
concrete
foundations
thus
far,
we've
used
concrete
foundations,
because
that's
what
allows
us
to
do
masonry
walls
even
when
we
don't
to
masonry
walls
now
what
you
have
on
the
left
is
a
typical
Foundation.
A
It
has
two
main
components
this
one
right
here
there
is
on
to
like
the
little
flat
one,
that's
called
the
footing
and
then,
above
that
you
have
a
stem
wall.
This
right
here
is
the
great
meaning
this.
This
shows
the
soil
outside
the
building
into
the
interior
of
the
building.
Now
these
foundations
are
relatively
you
know
low-cost
or
you
know,
they're
not
incredibly
expensive,
and
they
make
a
very
good
use
of
materials
in
the
sense
that
you
know
they
only
have
the
dimension
that
they
need
to
have.
A
The
problem
with
this
is
that
they
require
two
types
of
forms
in
two
consecutive
pores,
meaning
you
would
create
your
forms
first
for
the
footing,
and
you
pour
that
you
wait
for
that
concrete
to
cure,
and
then
you,
you
create
the
forms
for
the
stem
wall.
You
pour
that
in
really
wait
for
that
concrete
to
cure.
A
This
is
important,
for
one
reason
has
to
do
with
ease,
so
during
the
winter
has
the
soil
freezes
and
thaws
freezes
and
thaws
it
tends
to
eat
and
he's
means
that
it
kind
of
lifts
up
now
when
it
happened
this
this.
What
you
see
on
the
left
is
what
could
happen
to
your
house
if
the
heart,
if
the
soil
is
pushing
your
house
up,
you're
going
to
have
deformations
and
breakages,
and
this
is
actually
pretty
serious.
A
So
that's
the
reason
why
the
rule
is
they
always
have
to
have
your
footing
below
the
frost
line,
meaning
you
have
to
your
footing
needs
to
be
sitting
deep
enough
that
it's
not
subject
to
eating
now.
This
means
it
through
that
you
have
to
dig
three
feet
down
in
this:
carry
four
or
five
in
other
areas
and
then
have
a
three
foot
for
foot
or
five
foot
deep
foundation.
That's
very
complicated,
very
expensive.
A
So
the
r
is
the
way
the
way
we
design.
So
you
can
see
here.
So,
as
you
can
see
here,
this
is
a
frost,
protective
shallow
foundation.
This
is
probably
about
18
inches
deep,
and
this
is
the
same
one
in
the
same
region
without
the
insulation.
So
this
is
how
deep
your
foundation
would
have
to
be
without
the
installation.
Now
in
northern
Missouri.
Regular
foundation
has
to
be
36
inches
deep,
as
we
mentioned,
but
a
frost,
protective
shell
foundation
in
the
same
location
can
be
only
12
inches
deep.
Can
we
know
this
because
again?
A
Okay.
So
this
is
a
design
we
ended
up
with
and
the
reason
we
ended
up
with
18
inches.
So
we
said
that
we
needed
12
inches
deep
right,
but
in
addition
to
that,
we
also
need
six
inches
above
ground
because
we
are
using
wood
walls
and
the
reason
for
these
six
inches
is
just
to
make
sure
that
if
there's
a
little
bit
of
flooding
that
the
water
doesn't
end
up
in
your
walls.
A
A
Now
we
have
to
determine
the
waist
of
the
way
this
once
again,
good
extract
it
from
from
the
tables
on
the
international
residential
code.
So
again,
I
look
at
this
table
and
it
tells
me
that
for
two
story,
building
with
a
crawl
space
which
is
kind
of
the
closest
one
to
what
we're
doing
with
a
load-bearing
value
of
soil
of
2000,
then
this
foundation
only
needs
to
be
12
inches
wide.
A
So
this
is
how
we
arrived
at
the
basic
shape
of
our
foundation
just
by
consulting
these
tables,
because
they
already
based
on
calculations
that
we
done
by
engineers.
So
this
is
the
final
shape,
more
or
less
of
the
foundation
that
we
ended
up
using.
In
addition
to
the
foam
insulation,
which
you
can
see
here,
there's
a
few
other
requirements
for
proper
foundation.
One
is,
there
should
be
a
bed
of
gravel
underneath
it
and
the
reason
we
use
gravel
is
it's
because
gravel
is
not
subject
to
freezing.
A
A
Then
we
use
a
installation
protection
just
basically
to
protect
it
from
from
the
elements
rebar
reinforcement
which
has
done
here
is
the
nura's
on
Polly
we're
not
going
to
get
into
the
details
of
calculating
there's
relatively
simple,
their
table.
That
tell
you
how
to
do
it
and
then,
above
that
there
is
a
pressure,
treated
wood,
sill
plate
which
is
attached
to
the
foundation
of
appropriate
anchors.
So
this
is
a
concrete
in
this
pressure.
A
Treated
wood
and
the
reason
is
best
treated
is
because
it
makes
it
less
resistance
and
this
field
plate
is
what
we're
going
to
be
attaching
our
walls
too.
So
this
is
the
very
first
thing
we
do
is
build
a
foundation
attach
the
silk
blend.
Now
we're
ready
for
the
walls.
Now.
Walls
are
interesting
because
they're,
both
very
simple
and
very
complex,
and
they
serve
a
few
different
functions.
So
one
is
well
support,
vertical
loads,
meaning
our
upper
stories
and
our
roof
are
actually
sitting
on
the
wall.
A
So
the
world
need
to
be
able
to
transmit
that
weight
back
to
the
foundation.
They
serve
to
resist
horizontal
load,
such
as
earthquakes
in
length
in
the
protecting
theory,
from
the
element
which
is
kind
of
obvious.
So
let's
look
at
the
different
components
of
what
the
first
one
is
the
frame
right.
So
the
wall
has
basically
three
pieces.
We
have
a
bottom
plate,
which
is
this.
This
piece
of
lumber
right
here
and
all
that
does
is
provide
a
way
for
us
to
attach
the
vertical
members
to
the
sill
plate
that
we
talked
about.
A
So
it's
just
a
practical
thing,
then
we
have
this
touch,
and
this
is
a
very
important
because
they
are
what
supports
the
weight
of
the
house.
Everything
that
is
above
here
is
supported
by
these
by
this
number,
and
then
we
have
a
double
top
plate
which
basically
connect
all
the
studs
in
the
different
wall,
sections
and
transmits
any
load
from
the
top
stories
onto
these
stats,
which
in
turn
send
them
down
to
the
foundation
into
the
floor
to
the
ground
now
the
bottom
plate.
A
Basically,
the
rules
are
very
simple:
it
just
has
to
be
the
same
width
as
the
studs
as
the
vertical
members
and
it's
fastened
to
descent
into
the
soup
plate.
There's
really
no
nothing
complicated
here
now
the
steps
we
know
that
they
have
to
support
the
weight
of
the
house.
But
how
do
we
know
what
kind
of
lumber
to
use
what
size
and
how
far
apart?
Should
they
be
so
once
again
we're
going
to
look
at
this
table
that,
fortunately,
already
did
all
the
thinking
for
us
and
just
tell
us
what
to
do
so.
A
I
highlighted
here
the
most
important:
the
parameters
are
freezing
so
for
bearing
walls,
meaning
was
it
our
support,
wait
above
them
there's
a
certain
number
of
rows
non
bearing
walls
are
walls
that
are
really
really
not
supporting
anything.
These
are
usually
the
lateral
walls
on
a
house.
So
in
the
case
we
chose
to
use
to
buy
six
dimensional
lumber,
as
we
talked
about
earlier,
which
means
that
all
walls
can
be
10
feet
high
maximum.
A
They
could
be
anywhere
below
that
in
that
our
stats
can
be
24
inches
apart,
so
we
have
8
foot
tall
studs
that
are
20
every
24
inches.
Now,
there's
an
expression
I'm
going
to
be
using
here,
which
is
on
center
and
on
center,
simply
means
that
from
the
center
of
this
ward
right
here
to
the
center
of
this
one,
that's
exactly
24
inches,
and
this
is
going
to
be
a
recurring
theme,
because
that's
how
you
know
how
to
space,
studs
and
other
building
members
during
technical
design.
A
Now,
with
the
reason
we
chose
to
buy
six
or
two
by
six
studs
24
inches
on
center
is
because
it
provides
several
advantages.
Conditional
warehouses
in
the
US
are
build
is
using
two
by
four
studs
16
inches
on
center.
Now
we
prefer
the
two
by
sixes
for
several
reasons.
The
first
one
is
less
parts
right,
so
it's
the
same
module
if
you
would
go
with
two
by
fours,
would
have
one
extra
piece
right,
so
we
can
have
three
thousand
set
of
four.
A
It
provides
a
deeper
cavity
for
installation,
because
a
2
by
6
is
five
and
a
half
inches
thick
or
deep,
while
a
two-by-four
is
only
three
and
a
half
inches
deep.
So
we
have
a
bigger
cavity
here
and
we'll
talk
about
that
later,
and
it
also
has
less
thermal
bridges,
so
I'm
going
to
talk
about
with
thermal
bridges
later,
but
basically
it
has
less
vertical
members.
A
Now,
windows
and
doors
do
not
have
one
stud
every
24
inches.
They
can't
write
and
less
your
door
with
your
window.
Your
door
really
really
narrow.
Now
this
means
that
we're
going
to
have
to
reinforce
the
framing
some
other
way,
and
this
is
how
it's
typically
done.
It's
relatively
simple,
so
there's
a
few
components.
One
component:
we
have
these
two
Pink's
us
and
pink
says-
are
basically
the
same
height
as
a
normal,
studs,
normal
stud
right
here,
the
next
to
them.
There
are
the
so
called
Jack
studs,
which
are
supported
on
this
board.
A
Right
here
support
this
world,
why
to
which
is
a
heather
plate
and
then,
above
that
there
is
a
hammer.
So,
basically
again,
this
is
based
on
calculations.
That
will
be
done
many
many
times,
and
you
know
that
are
basically
standard.
That
tell
us
that
this
is
how
you
build
the
window
that
can
support
weight.
Then,
of
course
you
have
the
Phil
which
supports
the
window
itself
in
a
which
supports
the
sill.
If
you're
designing
a
law
door,
it
would
be
exact
same
thing
except
you
wouldn't
have
this
T.
A
So
there's
no
big
mystery
just
follow
these
very
basic
guidelines
and
you
have
a
window
so
once
again,
how
do
we
know
how?
How
do
we
decide
what
size
are?
Heather
is
or
how
many
objects
sense?
We
need.
We
look
at
these
tables
provided
by
the
code
and
good
looking
at
the
parameters
that
apply
to
our
building.
A
We
make
a
decision,
so
in
this
case,
like
I
said,
remember,
I
said
that
we
have
twenty
psf
of
ground
snow,
so
I'm
going
to
pick
the
closest
one
which
is
30
here
from
this
table,
and
then
we
need
to
know
the
width
of
the
building.
Our
building
is
16
feet
wide,
so
I'm
going
to
pick
20,
which
is
the
closest
and
my
window
is
actually
three
feet
wide.
So
I
know
that
one
single
tube
I
can
board
is
sufficient
heather
for
a
window.
This
up
to
four
point.
A
Four
four
feet
six
inches
wide
and
I
only
need
one
Jack's,
one
jack
stud.
So
right
here
already
know
this
tells
me
how
to
design
my
window.
You
are
the
frames
that
are.
We
need
to
take
into
account
when
looking
at
these
tables.
Is
that
how
much
weight
is
this?
Is
this
this
wall
supporting
or
the
swindle
supporting?
A
A
If
you,
if
you
are
house,
it's
a
forty
forty
eight
feet,
long,
there's
not
going
to
be
one
single
piece
of
board
that
is
going
to
be
48
feet,
one
we're
going
to
have
several
16
foot
long
boards,
for
example,
which
means
that
you're
going
to
have
things
you're
going
to
have
n
joints
now.
These
am
joins
me
to
be
staggered.
A
So
this
is
the
bottom
enjoyed
this
right
here
and
this
one
is
at
least
24
inches
from
it,
and
this
is
just
to
avoid
having
weak
point
if
I
have
two
joints
very
close
to
each
other.
This
would
be
a
very
weak
point.
So
there's
this
rule
that
you
know
that
and
joints
must
always
be
offset
by
24
inches
at
least
and
then
the
other
rule
is
that
the
the
top
life
meets
to
overlap
at
corners.
A
So
if
you
look
at
the
bottom
one,
the
bottle,
one
extends
all
the
way
to
the
corner,
and
then
the
next
one
starts
here.
Then
you
invert
that
on
the
top,
this
one
ends
here
in
this
one
comes
all
the
way
to
the
corner.
Again,
the
whole
idea
is
to
avoid
any
weak
point
now,
in
addition
to
supporting
vertical
loads,
walls
must
also
resist
a
result.
A
The
loads
more
specifically
strong
winds
and
the
this
is
called
bracing,
so
the
designing
of
wall
that
can
resist
horizontal
low
disk
embracing,
and
now
we
talked
a
little
bit
about
the
racking
I
mentioned
wrecking
earlier.
But
this
is
what
could
happen
if
your
walls
are
not
braced,
so
basically
they
could
just
be
tilted
like
this
or
distorted
like
this.
So
this
is
one
of
one.
Very
common
mode
of
failure
involves
now.
How
does
this
happen?
You
can
see
on
this
figure
here,
it's
kind
of
funny.
A
So
say
you
take
4-6
and
you
just
kind
of
like
fasten
them
together,
you
can
still
move
it
around.
You
can
still
squash
it.
It's
not
going
to
remain
a
perfect
square,
a
perfect
rectangle
because
it
doesn't
have
bracing.
Now,
if
you
add
another
element
here
another
board
here,
then
this
is
going
to
be
solid
and
rigid
right.
So
this
is
the
basic
idea
behind
bracing
is
to
make
sure
that
your
world,
your
squares
or
rectangles
cannot
be
a
rec'd
that
they
cannot
be
distorted
like
this.
So
now,
how
do
you
do
this
right?
A
So
the
the
code,
the
building
codes?
Actually
they
allow
several
several
types
of
bracing
methods,
and
there
are
many,
many
more
I
only
captured
like
six
here,
but
there's
a
lot
of
them
now.
Letting
bracing
is
one
of
the
traditional
ways
of
doing
this,
and
basically
it's
what
we
saw
in
the
previous
slide.
Is
you
take
aboard,
and
you
run
it
across
your
walls-
to
provide
rigidity
to
this
wall
to
allow
it
to
not
be
pushed
very
easily
right.
A
So,
but
that's
not
very
you
that
that
still
use,
especially
in
areas
where
very
strong
winds
in
hurricanes,
but
the
more
common
method
is
the
one
that
we
use,
which
is
the
wood
structural
panels.
So
if
you
take
a
plot,
a
sheet
of
plywood
are
a
speed,
as
we
saw
before,
and
you
attach
it
to
the
studs.
That
is
going
to
do
the
same
thing
as
embracing,
and
the
reason
is
because
this
is
very,
very
strong
material.
You
cannot
drag
a
frame
that
has
a
with
structural
panel
on
it.
A
It
is
really
rigid
and
strong,
so
this
provides
the
same.
The
same
ability
to
resist
racking
has
braces
light
embracing
now
the
reason
why
we
prefer
this
is
because
we
won't
have
to
have
panels
anyway,
they
have
to
have
exterior
sheathing,
as
it's
typically
called
so
again.
This
is
a
good
example
of
double
duty.
It's
being
used
both
hands,
exterior
panels,
exterior
cladding
for
the
house
and
has
a
bracing.
A
Now
we
also
use
within
the
wood
structural
panels.
We
also
use
another
method
called
a
part
of
the
mass
called
continuous
shooting,
meaning
every
single
area
of
that
wall
is
cheated
with
osb
or
plywood.
This
means
above
windows
between
windows
every
single
area.
This
is
one
of
the
possible
message
now
looking
at
this
design
right
here,
you
can
kind
of
see
it
as
a
wall.
There's
an
opening
another
opening
a
window
a
window,
but
the
way
we
still
have
to
calculate
how
much
bracing
we
need
for
a
wall.
A
Just
saying,
okay,
I'm,
going
to
just
plywood
always
be
in
every
single
area,
is
not
enough,
there's
more
to
it
so,
and
this
is
based
on
the
notion
of
braced
wall
panel-
and
you
can
see
here
that
there
are
three
braced
wall
panels
here
and
the
reason
I
know
their
breaks
off
comes
because
they
are
completely
covered
by
a
panel.
There
are
no
openings
on
any
of
these.
Now
these,
although
they
do
have
wood
panel
structural
wood
panels,
they
do
have
openings,
so
they
do
not
count
as
a
brick
wall
panel.
A
So
now
here
we
have,
you
know
we
have
three.
So
bracing
requirements
are
determined
by
a
few
things,
so
one
is
wind
and
seismic
conditions,
meaning
again
you
have
to
refer
back
to
your
local
conditions
in
order
to
determine
how
much
racing
you
need
and
where
it
needs
to
be,
as
well
as
the
size
and
shape
of
the
building.
So
when
you
start
designing
your
brace,
brace,
brace
walls,
you
need
to
have
information
with
these
two
types
of
information.
A
Now
the
IRS
see
the
international
residential
code
provides
rules
for
determining
the
minimum
number
of
race
floor
panels
required
for
each
one.
The
minimum
total
length
of
each
brick
floor
panel,
the
minimal
length
of
each
one
and
the
position
of
each
one
along
the
wall.
Now
bracing
requirements
are
going
to
affect
the
number
within
positioning
of
doors
and
windows
so
I.
Let
me
just
open
it
up
here
and
I'm,
going
to
show
you
how
I
normally
do
this.
A
So
the
very
first
thing
you
need
to
do
is
following
certain
guidelines:
you're
going
to
find
out
you're
braced
wall
plan,
and
that
means
drawing
lines
along
your
plan
according
to
certain
rules
and
I'm
not
going
to
get
ready
deep
into
those
rules,
you're
quite
complicated.
Let
me
just
make
this
bigger,
but
basically
there's
a
certain
rules
that
allow
me
to
know
that
these
are
my
my
lines.
A
So
this
is
the
first
floor
and
then
you
do
the
same
thing
for
the
second
floor,
then
what
I
did
is
like
I
kind
of
wrote
here
all
the
rules
that
applied
to
the
continuous
shooting
with
wood
structural
panels,
which
is
a
method
that
I
selected
for
this
house.
So
there's
a
number
of
rules
that
I
have
to
follow
and
then
for
each
wall
in
this
plan.
I
did
this
drawing
in
destroying
tell
me
how
many
breaks
wall
panels
I
have
now,
for
example,
let's
take
this
example.
A
We
have
three
modules
here,
but
for
the
purposes
of
these
calculations
it
count
as
a
single
braced
wall
panel
and
then
I
have
another
module
here,
which
is
another
brace
wall
panel.
These
two
have
openings.
Therefore
they
do
not
count
for
this
calculation.
Now
this
table
that
I
prepare
tells
me
I
know
that
there
are
two
Braves
wall
panels
required
for
this
particular
instance
and
I
provided
to
so
also
go
this
one
here.
A
One
here
I
know
that
the
minimum
length
of
each
one
is
3.3
feet
and
I
provided
13.5
feet
total
and
then
the
minimal
length
of
each
one
is
30
inches
and
that's
good,
because
this
one
is
actually
12
feet
and
a
half
in
this
one
is
30
inches.
So
all
is
good.
This
this
wall
meets
the
requirements
in
actually
exceeds
them
in
some
ways.
Now,
how
did
I
arrived
at
these
numbers?
A
A
thread
gets
more
complicated,
so
there's
a
number
of
calculations
that
go
into
doing
this
and
again
you
get
an
aid,
your
parameters,
so
for
these
are
the
four
things
that
you
need
to
know
in
a
dress.
You
need
to
know
the
length
of
the
wall.
You
need
to
know
the
distance
between
that
wall
in
the
next
parallel
wall.
You
need
to
know
the
height
of
the
wall,
and
then
you
have
this
number
right
here,
which
is
an
adjustment
factor
or
an
interpolation
factor
which
is
provided
by
the
building
codes.
A
So
then,
based
on
that,
the
building
codes
also
tell
me
that
in
any
Bracewell
line
over
16
feet,
I
need
at
least
two
rifle
panels.
So
that's
how
I
arrived
at
this
number
right
here
now.
The
other
number,
which
is
this
one
right
here,
is
a
lot
more
complex
and
it's
a
number
of
calculations
based
on
wind
exposure
and
fury
of
numbers
again
dishes
provided
the
guidelines
provided
by
the
code
and
that's
how
I
arrived
at
this
number
right
here
and
then
again
by
following
a
series
of
tables.
A
I
arrived
at
the
minimum
length
of
each
bracelet
panel,
now
I'm
not
going
to
walk
you
through
the
ED
greedy
of
this,
because
this
would
take
the
better
part
of
the
hour.
I
will
prepare
tutorial
separately
for
designing
braced
walls
that,
hopefully,
will
be
useful,
but
I
just
wanted
to
give
you
like
a
basic
idea
of
what's
involved
in
designing
embraced
wall.
A
Okay.
So
now
we
are
moving
on
to
another
component
of
walls,
which
is
the
vapour
barrier,
and
the
vapor
barrier
is
really
a
really
exciting
one,
because
it's
one
of
the
most
controversial
and
debated
challenges
of
building
sites.
It
seems
very
simple:
it's
very
complicated.
No
one
agrees.
Everyone
has
very
strong
opinions
on
it,
so
here's
a
low
down
the
idea
is
that
the
accumulation
of
any
kind
of
water
inside
wall
cavities
leads
to
lot.
So
basically,
actually
has
a
friend
of
mine
said
as
soon
as
you
finish,
building
a
house.
A
It
begins
decaying,
and
this
is
true.
So
how
is
design
and
how
the
building
isn't
is
a
fight
against
the
elements?
It's
basically
trying
to
make
your
house
BK
slowly
or
slower
than
they
would
then
it
would
normally
it's
definitely
going
to
decay,
there's
just
no
way
around
it.
The
question
is
like:
how
long
will
it
take
so
a
lot
of
the
decisions
we
make
are
not
just
to
make
sure
that
the
house
can
support
the
vertical
in
a
result
to
load
but
to
make
sure
that
it
doesn't
rot
too
fast
right.
A
Usually
the
way
you
do.
You
want
to
prevent
this
vapor
from
entering
your
wall
cavity
in
rotting,
your
lumber
in
your
installation,
so
the
purpose
of
a
vapor
barrier,
which
is
typically
a
plastic
sheet
polyethylene
more
specifically-
and
you
can
see
it
on
this
picture-
you
can
see
these
walls
all
nicely
wrapped
up
in
plastic
is
to
reduce
the
amount
of
vapor
allowed
to
penetrate
the
wall
cavity,
so
you're
trying
really
hard
to
keep
water
out
of
your
walls.
A
However,
it's
been
shown
over
and
over
again
that
this
is
not
enough.
Some
vapor
will
definitely
come
permeate.
The
can't
enter
the
cavity.
The
wall
cavity,
no
matter
wat.
So
then,
the
next
thing
we
have
to
say
is
like
pushing
try
to
keep
it
from
entering
the
wall,
but
then,
if
it
does,
we
got
better
provided
with
the
way
out.
So
that's
the
reason
why,
typically,
we
only
use
a
vapor
barrier
on
one
side
of
the
building.
Now
the
question
is
you
put
it
on
the
inside
or
you
put
it
on
the
outside.
A
Now
vapor
travels
from
the
hot
to
the
cold
side,
meaning
if
it's
very
hot
inside
the
house
and
very
cold
outside
vapor,
is
going
to
enter
your
wall
cavity
and
condensate
on
the
interior
on
the
closest
cold
surface
on
the
interior
of
your
walls
right.
So
basically,
this
this
means
that
you
know
in
builders
came
up
with
the
rule
that
if
you
live
in
a
climate
that
is
predominant
predominantly
a
hot,
then
you
put
your
vapor
barrier
on
the
outside.
A
If
you
live
in
a
if
you
live
in
an
area
where
this
predominantly
cold,
meaning
you're
heating
for
inside
the
house-
and
you
put
your
vapor
barrier
on
the
inside
now.
What
this
isn't
address
is
the
fact
that
in
areas
like
where
we
are
in
the
middle
as
it's
both,
we
have
very
hot
summers
in
very
cold
winters.
So
it
means
that
we've
used
vapor
barriers
in
the
past,
but
half
the
year,
they're
on
the
wrong
side
of
the
wall
and
we've
had
huge
problems
with
humidity.
A
So
this
has
been
acknowledged
by
many
bills,
so
vapor
bears
are
required
by
code,
but
more
and
more
building
scientists
and
reputable
organizations
are
coming
out
and
saying
that
we
probably
shouldn't
use
vapor
barriers
at
all.
So
this
is
one
of
the
areas
where
we
deliberately
chose
to
break
to
not
comply
with
the
code,
because
we
know
that
it's
impractical,
transitory
efficient
and
it
causes
more
problems.
A
Now
the
installation
is
another
important
aspect
of
wall,
so
basically
remember
when
I
said
that
we
prefer
to
buy
six
framing
over
to
buy
for
framing,
and
the
reason
is
because
this
creates
a
bigger
wall.
Cavity
just
me
that
our
walls
are
thicker
they're
wider
and
we're
going
to
use
that
that
space
right
there
to
install
insulation
and
insulation,
basically
flows,
heat
transfer
by
trapping
air
in
lightweight
bolting
materials.
A
So
here
is
basically
a
poor
conductor
of
heat
so
of
the
tiny
pockets
that
are
trapped
in
the
insulation
and
that
minimizing
the
amount
of
heat
that
can
pass
between
the
inside
on
the
outside
of
the
building
in
the
winter.
This
means
that
less
of
your
interior
heating
is
getting
out
in
the
summit
means
that
left
of
the
you
know.
Ambient
heat
is
getting
in
the
house,
so
installation
is
awesome.
A
Now
the
thicker,
the
insulation
layer,
meaning
the
figure,
this
material
is
the
higher
it's
our
value
and
they
are
value,
is
basically
the
capacity
of
an
insulating
material
to
resist
heat
flow,
so
the
higher
r-value,
the
more
efficient
your
insulation
is
in
keeping
a
hot
air
from
traveling
across
your
walls.
Now,
once
again,
the
the
minimal
insulation
value
is
determined
by
the
RSC
based
on
local
conditions.
We
know
that
in
this
area
the
minimum
value
is
our
20,
which
is
exactly
what
we
use
now.
There's
a
so
we
can
see
here
in
this
climate
zone.
A
We
can
either
go
with
our
24
batt
insulation
or
are
13
plus
5.
If
we
do
a
combination
of
batt
insulation
with
rigid
insulation.
The
reason
I
mention
is
because
there's
a
few
ways
to
insulate
walls.
This
is
the
one
we
typically
use
and
batt
insulation
can
be
either
fiberglass
baman
on
denim
or
mineral
wool,
or
basically
anything
that
has
a
similar
structure
and
that
actually
is
improvement
to
track
hot
air.
So,
basically
you
take
these
roles,
whatever
they
are
canoeing.
Seldom
you're
in
your
wall.
A
Cavities
like
this
gentleman
here
is
doing,
but
that
is
not
the
only
option.
You
can
also
use
rigid
foam
insulation
and
basically
these
are
rigid
panels
that
are
made
of
foam
and
they
can
be
placed
inside
the
cavity
of
the
walls,
though
that's
not
very
common.
Usually
they
are
just
attached
on
the
outside
of
the
walls
or
you
can
use
blown
cellulose,
which
is
basically
filling
these
cavities
with
you
know,
blown
cellulose,
which
is
another
very
efficient
type
of
insulation,
but
unfortunately
quite
expensive.
A
Now
a
bad
insulation,
batt
insulation
materials
can
actually
have
a
couple
other
things
added
on
to
them.
They
could
have
a
reflective
berry
earth,
so
this
R,
effective
barrier
is
placed
on
an
inside
of
the
building
and
its
function
is
if
any
heat
goes
in
that,
if
any
deed
goes
in
this
direction,
it's
reflected
back
into
the
building.
So
you
you
know
you
get
to
keep
your
heat
or
they
could
have
a
vapor
retarder.
A
Hence
we
talked
about
earlier,
which
is
this
case,
and
this
is
a
faced
fiberglass
insulation,
which
we
like
I
mentioned
before
we
deliberately
chose
not
to
use
because
we
chose
not
to
have
a
vapor
barrier
now
another
issue
with
installation,
so
we're
very
happy.
We
have
our
20
or
30
or
are
40.
We
have,
you
know
really
good
insulation,
we're
going
to
be
really
warm
in
the
winter
and
really
cold
in
the
summer,
but
not
really
because
there's
something
else
called
a
thermal
bridge.
A
A
Now
thermal
bridging
happens
when
a
more
conductive
or
poorly
insulating
material,
such
as
wood,
allows
an
easy
pathway
for
heat
flow
across
the
thermal
barrier,
meaning,
although
hot
air
warm
air
is
not
going
to
get
through,
the
installation
right
here
will
easy
to
get
through
the
wood
in
and
out
right.
So
thermal
bridges
are
something
to
take
into
account.
Every
building
has
won.
Almost
every
building
has
won
passive
house
builders,
avoid
them
at
all
costs.
A
They
do
go
out
of
their
way
to
avoid
them
sometime,
but
that
is
also
also
turns
out
to
be
quite
a
quite
an
expensive
effort.
So
you
got
it.
You
know
it's
a
it's
a
trade-off
once
again.
Hyper
insulated
walls
may
be
great
because
other
problems,
they
cost
more,
maybe
you're
better
off
just
using
a
little
bit
of
heat
and
dealing
with
it.
A
So
one
another
couple
ways
to
like:
I
mentioned
passive
house
builders-
really
really
try
to
avoid
thermal
bridges.
There's
a
couple
ways
to
do
this,
so
one
is
to
build
a
double
or
circuit
stud
wall,
so
you
saw
here
like
Darr
such
basically
are
connected
directly
from
the
inside
to
the
outside
right
to
provide
the
bridge.
If
you--if
with
a
double
wall,
the
studs
can
be
staggered
like.
If
you
look
at
these,
this
one
is
in
contact
with
the
exterior,
but
not
the
interior.
A
This
is
it
got
suckered
into
it,
but
not
the
exterior,
because
the
installation
is
woven
around
them.
So
this
basically
illuminates
thermal
bridging
and
we
haven't
attempted
this.
Yet
this
is
quite
more
complex
because
it
creates
some
challenges
with
windows
and
doors
and
roof
interface.
It's
something
I'll
be
interested
in
exploring
in
the
future.
Another
way
to
avoid
thermal
bridges
is
basically
to
use
rigid
foam
insulation,
so
these
panels
and
attach
them
on
the
exterior
of
the
building,
so
basically
we're
covering
the
entire
building
webos.
A
There's
no
there's
no
contact
between
the
experience
in
the
interior
that
doesn't
go
through
installation.
The
issue
with
this
one
is
this:
to
issues
one:
it's
quite
expensive:
rigid
foam,
insulation,
Israel,
costly
and
the
other
one.
Is
these
panels
actually
act
as
a
vapor
barrier,
meaning
if
you're
trying
to
make
both
that
breathe?
This
is
problematic
because
you
actually
definitely
creating
a
vapor
barrier
on
the
outside
and
there's
just
no
way
around
it,
then
another
layer
that
goes
into
all's.
A
It's
called
the
weather
resistant
barrier
and
basically
also
known
as
the
water
barrier,
if
insta
inside
installed
on
the
exterior
side
of
a
building
to
protect
walls
from
rain.
So
once
again
we're
trying
to
keep
water
out
of
our
walls,
and
you
can
think
of
them-
has
a
houses
raincoat
right.
So
basically,
the
entire
house
is
wrapped
in
this.
In
is
wrapping
this
and
what
this
material
does.
At
least
what
the
manufacturers
say
it
does
is
that
it
does
not
let
water
in,
but
it
does
let
vapor
up
right.
A
So
there's
two
types
of
weather
resistant
barrier
of
two
common
types:
yes,
quite
a
few
one
is
how
to
wrap.
You
know,
there's
many
different
brands
that
manufacture
house
web
and
the
other
one.
The
more
traditional
one
is
tar
or
building
paper,
so
you
can
do
a
little
research
into
the
advantages
and
disadvantages
of
each
one
and
make
your
decision
now.
A
A
Now
the
last
exterior
barrier
on
wall
is
called
in
the
u.s..
It's
called
siding
and
basically
it
serves
two
functions.
One
it
protects,
so
it
protects
the
house
wrap
itself.
What
you
see
here
is
how
trap
house
ref
is
water
resistant,
but
it's
not
UV
resistance.
It
will
hold
on
for
three
months
or
something
like
that,
but
eventually
begins
to
decay
van
exposed
to
Sun.
A
So
we
got
to
protect
it
in
the
other
reasons
week
as
well,
I
mean
how
how's
your
apt,
a
house,
is
not
very
appealing
visually,
so
people
like
to
cover
it
with
something
that
looks
a
little
bit
nicer.
So
this
is
an
example
of
typical
example
of
siding
right
here
that
you
see
the
gentleman
installing
inciting
can
be
made
of
a
number
of
materials.
It
can
be
wood,
vinyl,
metal,
masonry
or
composite
materials
such
as
plastic
or
even
concrete.
So
there
are
many
options
for
siding
okay.
So
what
do
we
look
that
this
photo?
A
This
is
what
a
typical
wall
looks
like.
Let's
just
put
all
of
these
layers
together,
so
this
grey
area
right
here
is
interior
sheeting,
and
this
could
be
anything
typically,
it's
gypsum
or
you
know,
called
drywall.
So
it's
whatever
you
want
to
finish
it
into
your
wall.
Do
it
then
there's
the
frame
where
the
studs
in
the
double
top
plate
in
the
bottom
plate,
then
the
cavity
is
filled
with
fiberglass
insulation
of
some
other
type
of
batt
insulation.
A
Then
there's
a
plywood
sheathing
that
we
talked
about
that
in
that
you
know
also
offers
the
bracing
requirements.
It
also
provides
a
bracing
requirements
in
this
building
paper
or
house,
wrap
that
we
talked
about
to
the
weather
resistant
barrier
and
then
there's
a
sign.
This
is
how
it
all
is
typically
done
now.
What
did
we
do
from
this?
A
First
of
all,
we
had
to
turn
this
into
a
modular
system.
We
had
to
break
down
this
wall
into
pieces,
so
to
do
that
in
this
latest
instance,
we
actually
use
intro
walking
module.
So
basically,
what
this
means
is
that
each
module
only
has
two
such
in
this
third
right.
You
on
the
right
is
offset
by
three-quarters
of
an
inch
this
this
one
or
the
one.
Next
to
it,
which
is
the
same
one,
is
left
open
on
the
left
side,
so
they
basically
slide
into
each
other,
and
we
form
a
wall
like
that.
A
The
jury
is
still
out
on
whether
or
not
this
really
really
works.
I
mean
we're
very
happy
with
the
end
result.
We
think
it
worked
pretty
nice
in
terms
of
product
in
terms
of
what
we
ended
up
with.
In
the
end,
it
was
a
little
bit
complex
to
build.
It
was
a
little
bit
challenging,
so
we
do
need
to
refine
this
method
a
little
bit
now.
The
other
challenge.
Now
the
other
decision
we
made
was
typically,
as
you
saw
here,
we
have
the
plywood
sheathing
right.
A
We
have
our
osv
of
plywood,
sheeting
and
then
deciding
now.
This
is
a
result.
This
is
another
one
of
those
cases
of
redundancy
and
it
also
became
relatively
common
for
people
to
do
what
we
did
here,
which
is
to
use
a
single
layer.
So
basically,
instead
of
just
using
regular
plywood,
we
use
it
a
pressure-treated
siding
panels
which
are
also
with
structural
panels,
so
they
provide
bracing
and
our
weather
resistance.
A
A
So
this
is
exactly
what
we
did
with
recut
some
sheets
of
house
wrap
and
we
Corp
incorporated
them
into
the
modules,
the
sheets
of
house
that
are
attached
to
the
frame
and
then
sandwiched
in
between
the
frame
in
the
plywood,
and
then
they
are
left
long
on
three
sides
top
bottom
and
sides
so
that
they
can
slide
into
each
other
and
be
taped.
Now,
once
again,
the
jury
is
a
little
bit
still
out.
We
like
the
way
it
works.
A
It
was
a
little
difficult
to
install
and
we'll
have
to
see
in
the
future
how
it
performs
so
we're
just
basically
experimenting
with
this
and
seeing
how
far
we
can
take
modularity
in
terms
of
the
interior.
We
made
a
number
of
choices,
so
we
use
six
inch
thick
batt
insulation
inside
the
wall.
The
wall
cavity
right
here
we
decided,
as
I
mentioned
before,
are
not
no
vapor
barrier.
All
those
are
basically
supposed
to
breathe.
Vapors
should
be
be
able
to
get
in
and
out
and
for
the
interior.
A
We
use
wood
panels
interim
gypsum
board
once
again.
For
that
reason,
that
I
mentioned,
which
is
this-
allows
us
to
open
a
wall
at
any
given
moment
and
to
inspect
it
or
you
know,
make
any
modifications
which
we
want
to
do
so
that's
it
for
walls
now
we're
moving
on
to
the
floor.
How
are
we
doing
on
time?
Oh
wow,
okay,
so
oh
yeah,
this
is
very
long.
Okay,
alright,
so
the
floor,
I'm,
going
to
try
and
reach
through
these
I
think
those
are
the
most
complex
now
the
floor
once
again.
A
The
functions
is
it
supports.
Vertical
loads,
live
in
that
meaning
it
has
to
support
the
stories
above
it
in
the
roof.
It
has
to
support,
live
loads
such
as
people
with
furniture,
and
it
also
acts
as
a
diaphragm
not
going
to
get
into
that.
It's
quite
complicated,
but
basically
it
adds
rigidity
in
in
resilience
to
a
structure.
So
basic
components
of
a
floor
are
the
joists
which
are
these
these
these
members
right
here.
A
These
long
members,
then
there's
a
rim
joint
joists,
which
is
basically
around
the
perimeter
of
the
wealth
of
the
building
and
then
that
the
most
important
thing
you
need
to
know
here
is
a
joist
band,
meaning.
What
is
the
distance
between
the
inside
side
of
this
wall
is
an
inside
side
of
this
wall
and
in
this
case
we
know
it's
15
feet.
So
that's
how
we're
going
to
determine
the
size
of
our
rafters
of
our
joists.
A
So
once
again
we're
going
to
look
at
this
table-
and
this
is
a
residential
sleeping
area
that
I'm
designing
right
here.
So
this
is
the
right
table.
We
decided
to
use
to
buy
12
and
we
have
a
dead
load
of
10
pounds
per
square
foot
and
we
have
our
joy
space
24
inches
on
center,
which
means
that
we
can
pick
from
any
of
these
lumber
lumber
species
right
specifically
for
a
floor
span
of
15
feet.
A
A
Then
the
second
component
/
floor
are
once
again
the
wood
structural
panels,
and
we
know
the
size
of
these
once
again
by
looking
at
this
chart,
and
that
means
that
this
chart
tells
us
that
our
panels
need
to
be
three
quarter
inch
thick.
So
that's
one
important
thing:
the
other
one
is
that
they
need
the
strength
of
the
panel's
needs
to
be
perpendicular
perpendicular
to
the
to
the
joists
right.
So
we
should.
We
should
not
have
our
panels
going
in
this
direction.
A
A
So
we
already
looked
at
this
table.
So
in
the
end
we
ended
up
doing
a
flower
modules
exactly
as
our
world
module.
So
basically
they
have
to
joy
each
and
they
offset
by
three-quarters
inch
and
they
basically
interlock
with
the
next
module,
and
then
we
standing
roof
plywood
panels
installed
across
the
joist
after
the
modules
were
installed.
A
In
the
reason
we
did
it,
this
way
was
well
two
reasons
one
is
we
actually
needed
the
panels
to
go
this
way,
so
it
could
not
install
them
on
the
module
in
advance
in
the
other
reason
is
that
these
actually
very
large
modules
are
quite
heavy
and
we
found
that
adding
the
panel's
directly
onto
the
modules
was
making
them
too
happy.
Basically,
it
was
too
risky
to
lift
such
heavy
modules,
so
we
decided
not
to
take
that
risk
now
the
roof.
A
Once
again,
the
roof
supports
a
vertical
loads
live
in
that
which
could
be
people
or
snow
or
the
weight
of
the
roof
itself.
It
acts
like
a
diaphragmatic
in
just
like
the
floor
and
like
walls.
It
shows
the
interview
from
the
elements
so
basic
components
of
a
roofed
our
rafters.
Now,
if
you
look
at
it,
the
rafters
are
basically
the
same
as
Joyce
to
just
call
restaurants
when
they're
on
the
roof.
For
some
reason,
and
then
you
have
a
sub
fascia,
which
is
the
roof
equivalent
of
the
rim.
A
A
So
once
again,
how
do
I
determine
the
size
of
my
rafters
I
go
to
disables
of
the
International
residential
code.
I
know
that
my
life
load
is
20
pounds
per
square
foot
in
that
I
have
a
feeling
attached
to
the
rafters
and
then
I
have
a
you
know
again:
a
dead
load
of
20
pounds
per
square
foot.
So
I'm
going
to
look
up
here,
the
exact
24
inches
apart.
So
I
know
that
I
can
use
any
of
these
wood
species.
We
specifically
selected
for
a
roof
with
a
span
of
15
feet.
A
We
use
number
2
Douglas
fir
large
to
buy
12
space
24
inches
on
center,
according
to
the
following
parameters,
which
is
a
dead
load
of
20
pounds
per
square
foot
and
allow
the
live
load
of
20
pounds
per
square
foot.
So
basically
it
is
about
all
about
getting
having
the
right
numbers
and
learning
to
read
table.
That's
it
same
thing
is
with
the
floor.
Here
again,
we
use
with
structural
panels
over
the
roof
frames
again,
the
same
thing.
A
So
again,
this
is
another
table
that
basically
told
me.
What
are
my
options?
What
size
panels
do
I
need
to
use
in
this
table
tells
me
that
we
end
up
using
three
quarter:
inch
tongue
n,
groove,
osb
panels
which
are
way
overkill
for
this
application,
but
they
were
easy
for
us
to
store.
So
we
decide
to
go
with
that
again,
like
the
walls
use,
that
insulation
is
typically
used
inside
the
between
the
rafters
so
inside
these
cavities
you
can
also
use
blown
cellulose.
So
same
thing
is
with
the
world
in
very
cold
climate.
A
Sometimes
the
depth
of
the
base
of
the
spacing
between
the
rafters
is
not
sufficient
to
accommodate
all
the
installation
you're
going
to
need.
So
it's
also
common
to
use
rigid
foam
insulation.
On
top
of
that,
so
you
see
you
have
your
rafters
here,
your
insulation
in
between
them
and
an
additional
insulation.
On
top
of
that,
the
next
player
over
that
is
felt
underlayment,
which
is
basically
a
water
resistive
barrage
is
a
very,
very
heavy,
a
building
paper
and
it's
just
basically
unrolled
across
the
roof,
just
basically
covered
it
and
then
another.
A
A
So
you
know
doesn't
write
as
fast
in
then
the
neck,
the
last
layer
is
basically
what's
called
a
wolf
in
which
could
be
either
metal
roofing,
which
is
what
we
use,
because
we
find
it
very
practical
or
shingle,
and
that's
the
last
layer
of
protection
between
the
interior
of
your
house
in
the
exterior
is
what
keeps
water
out
and
shields
the
rest
of
the
matures
in
your
roof
assembly.
Now
there
are
a
few
more
things
I
had
here
to
talk
about,
but
they're
a
little
bit
complicated
has
to
do
with
prevented,
invented
roofs.
D
D
A
A
Ok,
so,
basically,
usually
you
want
to
have
the
headers
on
windows
and
doors
be
all
the
same
height,
so
you
don't
have
a
lot
of
different
levels
within
the
building,
so
we
try
to
keep
the
headers
all
the
same.
Now,
if
I
could
use
a
2
by
8
for
the
window,
but
for
certain
doors,
especially
the
double
doors,
we
would
need
a
2
by
10.
So
it's
just
for
uniformity
to
avoid
having
lots
of
custom
modular.
D
C
A
Here
we
go
the
the
flashing
go
right
above
the
ok,
so
normally
what
what
this
detail
is
not
showing
is
that
the
flat
that
they
will
be
siding
here
a
panel
here
and
the
flashing
is
behind
that.
So
you
have
basically
an
L
like
that,
so
any
water
that
his
fear
is
directed
outwards.
It's
just
not
clear
on
the
drawing
yeah
mm-hmm.
D
A
Entry
is
asking:
what
is
the
state
of
the
art
in
using
lighter,
stronger
super
insulating
materials
for
building
houses?
Well,
the
the
most
advanced
or
the
most
are
I,
don't
know
the
most
extreme
example
of
this
is
the
Passivhaus
I
strongly
encourage
you
to
use
to
look
it
up
so
passive
house?
Basically,
the
idea
behind
it
is
that
with
super
insulation
and
complete
air
tightness,
we
don't
even
need
to
heat
houses
like
should
we
be
using
a
lot
less
energy?
A
Now
we
haven't
attempted
it
for
one
main
reason,
which
is
it's
quite
expensive,
because
this
means
that
well,
first
of
all,
insulation
is
expensive.
So
you're
talking
about
doubling
or
tripling
your
installation
costs
and,
second
of
all,
the
biggest
challenge
is
actually
the
air
tightness.
So
you
have
to
make
your
building
completely
airtight.
A
They
cannot
be
single
crack,
a
single
hole
and
anyone
who's
ever
built,
even
something
as
simple
as
a
doghouse
can
tell
you
how
difficult
that
is,
and
a
passive
house
builders
will
spend
months
with
a
can
of
spray
foam
covering
every
single
hole,
every
single
crack
in
the
building,
and
then
they
will
do
something
called
I.
Forget
it's
a
blue
door
door
blow.
A
My
English
sometimes
gets
a
little
bit
an
accomplice
confused
in
which
they
basically
pressurize
the
building
to
see,
if
any,
where
is
it
leaking
out
and
usually
they
find
out
that
air
is
leaking
out.
So
it's
very,
very
challenging,
so
he
out
strongly.
If
you
look
at
when
I
look
at
state
of
the
art
in
that
area,
look
at
passive
house
I'll
type
hear
the
name.
D
A
A
A
A
Yeah,
I
will
share
the
slides
with
everyone
and
then,
though,
the
links
on
that.
Okay,
all
right,
thank
you,
everyone
and
so
we're
having
the
next
for
those
of
you
who
are
participating
in
both.
We
have
the
next
webinar
starting
at
4pm,
and
that's
going
to
be
more
specifically
about
how
to
use
the
module
2
in
sweet
home
3d
to
design
houses.
Okay,
thank
you.