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A
C
B
A
A
Given
that
we
are
trying
this
virtually
for
the
first
time,
let's
keep
them
to
the
end,
usually
in
a
bit,
we
are
in
the
same
room.
It's
it's
more
easy
to
coordinate
if
people
just
want
to
ask
questions
as
we
go,
but
for
the
sake
of
this
talk,
let's
keep
them
to
the
end.
I
will
mention
all
that
in
my
introduction.
B
C
A
Hi
everyone
we
are
streaming
live
from
homes
to
do
this
general
meeting
that
San
Jose
astronomer
Association
has
every
month.
This
is
something
we
typically
do.
Every
film
would
be
care
and
the
idea
behind
it
being
that
we
cannot
go
out
and
look
at
a
lot
of
stars
on
a
full
moon
weekend.
Given
how
bright
the
sky
is.
A
So
we
have
our
board
meeting
and
we
have
a
jungle
meeting
where
everyone
is
invited,
it's
open
to
public,
and
we
can
you
don't
have
to
be
a
member
to
attend
it
and
we
do
an
astronomy
talk
where
we
have
guest
speakers
come
in
to
do
to
give
it
up
for
us,
followed
by
a
question-and-answer
session.
We
are
going
to
follow
that
same
format
today,
but
before
I
get
into
the
talk
for
today.
Tonight.
A
I
just
want
to
mention
that
this
is
something
that
San
Jose
astronomy,
Association
is
trying
new
and
we
are
a
very
active
social
club,
so
adapting
to
Kobe
19
shelter-in-place
has
definitely
been
a
bit
of
a
challenge,
but
an
astronomy
is
not
something
that
you
can
always
do
from
sitting
at
home,
but
we
are
trying
everything
to
take
it
to
your
home.
That's
exactly
the
idea
behind
this
talk.
Today
we
have
started
taking
a
few
of
our
events
online.
We
have
a
special
imaging
group
there.
A
Their
events
happen
every
month
as
well,
and
that
plot
is
already
virtual
study.
Start
parties
is
something
that
we
are
currently
playing
with
as
to
how
to
do
that
virtually,
but
we
definitely
intend
to
make
that
happen
as
well.
So
if
you
have
any
ideas
and
more
than
that,
if
you
have
any
feedback
for
us,
please
feel
free
to
write
to
anyone
of
us.
You
can
go
to
Israel
yet
or
you
can
find
us
on
Meetup
and
join
the
Meetup
and
send
us
your
feedback
there.
A
We
would
love
to
hear
back
from
you
as
to
what
else
we
could
do.
What
other
events
we
can
provide
to
you
as
in
a
virtual
format,
or
how
we
can
improve
the
existing
events
that
we
are
trying
to
deliver
right
now
and
so
I
think
just
just
a
quick
thing
I
would
like
to
mention
is
like
the
upcoming
events,
so
I
think
we
are
trying
to
do
a
start
party
or
virtual
start
party
next
weekend,
and
then
we
are
also
doing
a
solar
observing
event,
which
happens
once
a
month
on
Sunday.
A
Again,
these
are
telescope
observing
events,
so
we
are
playing
with
the
format
right
now,
but
we
are
while
we
are
trying
to
decide
how
to
do
it
and
I
have
figured
out
how
to
do
it.
We
are
keeping
the
information
up
to
date
on
the
made
up,
so
please
go
to
the
made-out,
find
us
there
and
look
at
our
calendar
and
a
youtube
streaming.
A
Link
of
any
kind
will
be
provided
on
the
meetups
specifically
for
that
event,
and
today,
since
we
don't
have
the
regular
in-person
interaction,
we
have,
our
chat
channel
open,
so
feel
free
to
drop
any
notes
there.
Any
questions
you
have
for
the
speakers
or
any
generic
questions
about
is
Ray
and
I
can
try
to
answer
them
during
the
talk
or
after
the
talk.
A
A
B
Yes,
thank
you
so
hi
everyone,
I'm
Karen
I'm,
the
president
and
founder,
the
stairs
of
the
high
school
astronomy
club
and
our
talk
today
is
titled
stairs
to
the
high
school
like
a
strong,
Nikko,
radiance
hello,
school
project,
and
this
was
essentially
like
kind
of
low-cost
exploration
into
amateur
radio
astronomy
that
we
did
with
our
club
kind
of
last
fall
throughout
early
spring
and
I'm.
Here
with
Anna
and
Connor.
E
B
Okay,
so
we
can
get
started
first
in
case
you
guys
are
wondering
what
this
21
centimeter
hydrogen
line
that
we
basically
sought
out
to
detect
with
our
homemade
radio
telescope
is
so.
The
kind
of
background
of
this
phenomena
is
when
an
electron
transitions
between
energy
levels
in
a
neutral
hydrogen
atom.
B
As
you
can
see
on
the
diagram
on
the
right,
it
basically
emits
a
radiation
with
a
wavelength
of
21
centimeters
and
which
is
equivalent
to
a
frequency
of
fourteen
twenty
point,
four
or
five
megahertz,
and
then
this
radiation
is
really
quite
useful
to
astronomers,
because
it's
like
a
lot
of
radio
waves,
it
can
penetrate
like
interest
on
us
even
faster
the
universe,
so
we
can
basically
detect
it
even
with
kind
of
the
low
cost
like
radio
telescopes
that
a
strong
amateur
astronomers
can
make.
So
why
is
this
21
centimeter
hydrogen
mind
very
useful?
B
Image
here
all
of
the
gray
portion
is
the
hydrogen
composition
of
our
universe
and
then
astronomers
are
currently
using
the
hydrogen
line
mission
or
kind
of
purposes
such
as
studying
the
dark
ages.
So
the
dark
ages
is
like
a
very
like
special
tunnel
period
after
the
Big
Bang,
where
it's
basically
characterized
as
have
being
before
the
first
stars
or
planets,
were
born.
D
All
right
so
for
the
materials
we
use
a
four
inch
thick,
polystyrene
insulation
board,
and
this
could
be
found
at
basically
every
hardware
store
and
it's
used
to
insulate
and
one
four
by
eight
foot
sheet
should
be
enough
for
our
aperture.
But
obviously,
if
you
want
to
make
it
bigger,
you
could
have
more
cute
and
then
for
a
wood
for
the
base
and
to
support
the
horn.
We
used
wood
that
we
bought
at
Home,
Depot
and
also
would
I
have
left
left
over
from
the
Eagle
Scout
project.
D
We
used
wing
nuts
in
order
to
change
the
angle
of
inclination,
and
this
was
along
with
tea,
nuts
and
bolts.
So
basically
like
the
the
bolt
went
into
the
base
and
then
the
well
that
the
t-nut
went
into
the
base
and
then
the
bolt
went
through
that
and
then
you
tighten
the
wing
nut
so
that
you
could
have
adjustable
inclination
and
it
wouldn't
fall
back
for
conductive
tape.
So
in
order
to
connect
all
the
panels
together,
we
put
a
conductive
tape
between
the
the
panels
and
if
it's
not
conductive,
it
won't
work.
D
D
Basically,
this
can
believe
it's
used
to
store
oil,
but
what
we
used
is
we
cut
the
top
off
so
and
then
use
that
as
the
store,
the
two
for
the
bottom
part
of
the
horn
and
then
duct
tape
was
non-essential,
but
it
definitely
helped
make
it
a
lot
more
robust.
So
we
put
the
duct
tape
on
the
outside
of
the
horn
and
on
the
inside
the
horn.
It
has.
D
D
We
used
kind
of
wood
screws
that
were
on
the
longer
end
and
we
had
a
bit
of
problem
with
the
splitting
the
one
by
twos,
so
preferably
smaller,
screws
I
think
like
one
inch,
one
and
a
half
inch
should
work
fine,
then
aluminum
sheet,
so
this
sheet
is
basically
to
connect
to
the
can
to
the
horn.
It
needs
to
be
bendable
in
order
to
bend
that
to
the
angle
of
the
horn
and.
D
So
the
first
thing
we
do
did
is
we
cut
the
foam
into
the
for
trapezoidal
pieces.
This
was
a
little
bit
difficult,
given
the
tools
we
had,
but
we
basically
used
like
a
knife
and
it
wasn't
deep
enough.
We
went
back
on
the
other
side,
but
there
there
are
better
ways
to
do
it,
which
I
will
talk
about
later.
So
we
cut
those
pieces
out
there,
each
like
trapezoidal
pieces
and
then
next
thing
we
did
is
we
assembled
the
wooden
base
and
holder?
D
This
can
be
used
with
the
wood.
The
base
is
made
out
of
like
the
two
by
fours
and
then
on.
The
sides
are
the
1
by
threes
and
then
basically
it
was
kind
of
optional.
It
was
pretty
sturdy
beforehand,
but
we
also
put
in
a
like
diagonal
1
by
twos
in
order
to
connect
the
1
by
threes.
The
be
two
by
fours
give
it
a
little
bit
more
strength,
but
you
could
probably
do
it
without
that,
and
then
we
fix
the
inclination
hardware
to
the
attached.
The
holder
to
the
base.
D
So
since
our
our
cuts
weren't
perfectly
even
you
kind
of
had
to
like
put
it
up
on
a
slight
angle
and
then
put
the
conductive
tape
down
on
that
and
then
fully
push
fully
bend
it
into
that
ninety
degrees.
In
order
to
get
that.
But
if
you
do
have
like
a
perfect
like
laser
cut,
you
could
probably
just
like
put
it
down
on
a
flat
surface
and
then
tape
it
and
then
fold
it
up.
And
then
after
we
had
finished
all
the
inside
with
the
conductive
tape.
D
D
So
we
just
put
that
in
just
bent
it
and
we
kind
of
eyeballed
it
using
a
protractor
to
try
to
get
the
right
angle,
but
there
are
probably
more
exact
ways
to
bend
it,
and
then
we
use
the
smaller
bolts
and
nuts
that
we
had
in
order
to
connect
the
aluminum
sheet
to
the
can
and
then
can
to
the
horn
so
and
then
yeah.
If
you
show
see
yeah.
D
Yeah
construction
process-
alright,
so
here
you
can
have
we
have
a
few
couple
images
of
the
process
we
went
through
to
build
it
so
on
the
left.
You
can
see
you
can
see
from
view
from
the
outside.
This
is
on
the
right.
You
can
see
the
can
and
on
the
left,
you
can
see
the
foam
horn
now,
basically
on
the
right.
D
All
right
and
then
also
on
the
left
image,
you
can
see
the
duct
tape
we
put
on
the
outside
for
extra
stability
next
slide,
so
certain
difficulties
we
did
have
and
that
could
probably
be
fixed
with
better
tools
or
just
doing
things
differently.
Is
the
drill
kept
slipping
while
trying
to
drill
the
aluminum
can
one
way
to
probably
fix
this
would
be
to
use
a
center
punch.
D
The
first
punch
a
like
a
dent
into
the
metal
and
then
use
that
to
drill
without
it
slipping
and
I
think
that
would
probably
be
fixed,
so
cutting
the
2-inch
foams
straight
so
yeah.
It
was
really
hard
to
get
straight
with
our
tools
because
we
had
like
a
really
shallow
thin
knife
and
but
they're,
like
probably
better
ways
like
you.
Neither
used
like
a
laser
cutter
with
proper
ventilation,
of
course,
polystyrene
very
toxic,
but
or
like
jigsaw
or
something
attaching
the
bolts
to
the
sheet
from
the
sheet
to
the
can.
D
So
it
was
a
bit
hard
to
reach
inside,
because
you
would
have
two
on
one
side.
You
would
have
to
tighten
the
bowl
and
on
one
side
you
have
to
tighten
the
nut,
but
if
you
usually,
you
can
just
use
one
hand
on
one
each
side
but
sensors
Bighorn
you
have
to
get
around
you.
Usually
you
would
have
to
have
one
person
in
in
hiding
beside
inside
the
horn
and
ones
person
on
the
outside
of
the
horn.
Hiding
that
side.
D
Attaching
the
bolts
from
the
sheet
to
the
can
yeah
for
that
bending
the
sheet
metal
to
the
right
angle.
So
we
use
the
protractor
and
kind
of
eyeballing
it
which
kind
of
worked,
because
since
it's
pretty
thin
aluminum
sheet,
it
didn't
need
to
be
exact
because
when
you
tighten
it
with
the
bolts,
he'll
basically
go
to
the
right.
But
of
course
it's
it's
not
super
exact.
D
So
we
didn't
have
enough
big
enough
drill
bit
for
the
electronics
in
the
can.
There's,
basically,
a
like
a
tunic
quarter-inch
hole
that
where
the
electronics
go,
the
brass
rod
into
the
can
at
the
focus
point,
and
it
was
really
hard
to
get
that
hole
because
we
didn't
have
a
big
enough
drill
bit,
but
her
bit
would
probably
help
a
lot
just
because
yeah,
even
if
you
have
like
a
really
large
bit,
it
would
probably
slip
because
it's
it's
lumina,
m--
and
finding
the
parts.
Some
parts
were
hard
to
find,
particularly
like
the
electronics.
D
Alright,
so-
and
this
is
the
picture
of
the
finished
product
on
the
left,
you
can
see
the
hole
you
can
see
the
base,
the
holder
and
the
horn
all
together
and
you
can
see
where
it
pivots
there's
the
part
of
there's
the
wooden
part
that
holds
the
horn
and
there's
the
part
the
base,
and
in
between
that
there
are
the
there's,
a
point
where
you
can
adjust.
The
inclination
in
the
middle
is
a
view
from
inside
the
horn.
E
So
the
main
two
components
that
were
vital
in
our
construction
of
the
telescope
or
a
low
noise
amplifier
in
a
bandpass
filter.
These
we
ordered
from
new
elec
as
a
combination
electronic
device.
So
essentially
what
this
US
and
low
noise
amplifier
amps
up
the
signals
that
we
want
in
range
up,
we're
looking
at
all
the
bandpass
filter
tries
to
filter
out
some
of
the
excess
noise
and
it
tries
to
make
sure
that
we
don't
have
too
much
extraneous
data.
E
We
use
a
coaxial
cable
to
connect
this
set
up
to
rtl-sdr
dongle,
which
was
ordered
through
Amazon,
so
initially
for
the
coaxial
cable.
We
use
the
10-foot
length.
However,
we
then
switched
to
a
three-foot
cable,
because
we
are
observing
some
excess
noise
the
longer
length.
We
suspect
that
this
was
because
of
the
increased
capacitance.
The
rtl-sdr
dongle
is
just
a
simple
generic
USB
device
used
for
software-defined
radio
as
a
whole.
It's
not
specifically
meant
for
radio
astronomy
or
a
specific
purpose.
E
Essentially
you
plug
in
download
necessary
software,
and
you
can
have
access
to
a
wide
range
of
radio
settings
and
observations
to
power
to
setup.
We
initially
use
a
USB
power
pack,
then
we
switched
it
to
a
homemade
4.5
volt
battery
pack.
Instead,
this
was
because
again
we
suspected
that
if
the
USB
was
causing
noise
and
then
finally,
an
optional
element
of
our
setup
was
an
oscilloscope
which
was
used
to
verify
that
we
are
receiving
correct
data
without
having
to
connect
all
the
electronics
to
a
computer.
E
E
Moving
on
to
software,
the
primary
program
we
used
was
scr
sharp
again.
This
is
software-defined
radio
program
which
allows
us
to
set
the
parameters
for
observation
in
arc.
We
use
the
central
frequency
of
fourteen
twenty
point
four
or
five
megahertz
at
the
hydrogen
line,
and
our
sample
rate
was
two
point
four
mega
samples
per
second,
as
you
can
see
on
the
right,
here's
a
window
of
how
the
program
would
look
like
when
running.
Ideally,
you
would
want
to
see
a
spike
at
that
central
frequency.
E
E
So
to
continue
our
explanation
of
software,
the
secondary
program
we
use
with
CFR
ID
two,
which
is
a
Python
script,
written
by
Michelle
klassen
for
similar
observation
of
the
hydrogen
line.
What
it
does
it
is,
it
performs
a
fast
Fourier
transform
to
refine
the
data
collected
using
the
by
outputting
data
files.
Every
five
minutes.
E
It
can
clock
such
data
for
up
to
24
hours
and
allows
us
to
use
a
computer
to
get
data
which
is
much
easier
to
graph
than
having
to
manually
sift
through
the
data
collected
through
SCR
and
trying
to
make
sense
of
it
all.
We
also
briefly
looking
to
soak
the
SCR,
which
is
a
library
supporting
software-defined
radio
made
for
Linux,
so
we
were
running
into
some
errors
of
CRI
t2
as
I'll
explain
later,
so
we
ended
up
looking
at
Linux
temporarily
as
a
solution
to
some
of
the
difficulties
were
facing.
E
However,
we
ended
up
working
things
out,
we'll
see
if
Artie
I
still
do
think
that
soapy
SDR
is
a
pretty
viable
and
perhaps
a
better.
It
has
a
wider
set
of
applications.
Then
cfrt
in
terms
of
radio
astronomy,
for
example,
you
could
map
like
the
branch
of
the
Milky
Way
or
something
else
with
the
system,
so
definitely
worth
checking
out
if
you're
interested
next
slide.
Please.
E
So,
as
I
mentioned,
our
greatest
difficulties
with
software
order,
restrictions
and
requirements
set
by
our
programs
see
if
ID,
it's
initially
written
for
Windows
7
computers.
However,
understandably
most
of
the
computers
we
had
on
and
windows,
10
so
pause
this
cause,
while
we're
unsure
of
the
exact
specific
cities
it.
What
happened
was
that
Windows
10
removed
certain
accessibility
to
data
that
CF
ready
to
needed
to
run
and
process
the
data
collected
from
SCR,
and
essentially
it
was
running
into
a
Python
error
as
shown
up
top.
E
So
one
of
the
attempted
workarounds
we
tried
was
installing
Windows
7
as
a
dual
boot,
but
we
still
encountered
same
errors.
We
do
not
know
the
source
of
the
errors
that
we
encountered
on
a
dual
boot
as
we
in
the
interest
of
time.
We
moved
on
to
just
contacting
the
writer
of
cfrt
Michelle
on
possible
changes
necessary
and
make
CF
ready
to
work
on
Windows
10.
Eventually
we
figured
a
solution
out
and
it
was
ready
to
be
used
to
record
data
next
slide.
B
Ok,
so
now
I'm
going
to
be
talking
about
how
we
actually
conducted
observations
with
our
radio,
telescope
and
our
software.
So
essentially
the
method
of
observation
we
use
is
called
a
transit
scan.
So
basically,
what
you
do
is
you
set
up
your
radio
telescope
like
ours,
and
since
our
radio
telescope
isn't
like
a
professional
one
by
any
means
it
doesn't
exactly.
It
cannot
like
track
the
sky
over
time,
but
rather
in
the
transit
scan.
B
You
naturally
play
the
entire
cycle,
then,
as
Emma
mentioned,
our
primary
method
of
collecting
data
is
the
fast
Fourier
transform.
So
essentially,
what
this
does
is
it
converts
a
time
domain
into
a
frequency
domain,
which
is
what
we
are
interested
in
and
then
ask
for
how
we
knew
like
well,
the
coordinates
of
where
we
were
pointing
our
radio
telescope.
B
We
used
an
app
called
Sky
you,
and
so
basically
sky
view
allows
you
to
see
either
the
right,
ascension
or
declination,
or
also
the
azimuth
and
elevation
of
the
coordinates
and
by
aligning
that
with
our
radios
house
code.
We
can
basically
get
know
where
we
are
pointing
the
telescope,
and
then
we
also
use
an
elevation
finder,
which
is
like
which
is
pictured
down
here.
B
This
is
a
more
like
accurate
method
of
measuring
the
elevation
as
a
coordinate
in
Scott
view,
and
then
last
note
for
observing
in
case
any
of
you
want
to
do
future
radio
astronomy
observations.
We
found
that
we
needed
to
give
the
SDR
dongle
around,
like
25,
to
30
minutes
to
warm
up
and
become
like
stable
and
reach
thermal
equilibrium,
because
otherwise,
if
the
dongle
is
still
fluctuating
in
temperature,
that's
going
to
generate
excess
noise
that
we
don't
want
in
our
data.
B
B
B
So
we
mainly
prefer
to
use
a
Zenith
and
elevation
and
then
next
videos,
we'd,
open
SDR
shop,
set
the
parameters
that
Anna
described
earlier
and
then
click
play
and
then
we'd
after
that
we'd
open
task
manager
to
close
SDR
sharp,
because
we
have
our
parameters
set
already
and
then
once
we
close
that
we
start
cfri
d2
and
then
immediately.
You
should
notice
that
a
new
file-
it's
always
called
NID
raw,
is
written
in
your
folder
and
then,
after
every
five
minutes.
B
B
We
would
point
the
radio
telescope
at
the
ground
or
somewhere
with
no
signal
and
why
we
would
want
to
do
this
is
because
the
equipment,
the
electronics
we
use
the
computer,
all
that
has
noise
itself,
and
we
don't
really
want
to
include
this
noise
in
our
signal
data.
So
what
we
do
is,
after
we
record
our
baseline
data.
We
can
effectively
like
divided
out
to
just
obtain
the
actual
signal
data.
E
E
So
we
suspect
there
was
something
to
do
with
the
higher
capacitance
of
the
longer
cable
so
and
then
relative
intensity.
The
y-value
on
the
side
is
just
the
data
collected
using
CFR
D,
divided
by
the
baseline
times
of
the
scaling
factor.
Note
that
the
x-axis
is
a
VIN
number
in
cr.42,
so
X
is
equal
to
1024,
actually
corresponds
to
the
central
frequency.
We're
looking
at
fourteen
twenty
point,
four
or
five
megahertz
down
at
the
right
is
an
example
of
data.
That's
noticeably
cleaner
and
more
closely
matches
what
we
were
expecting.
E
One
of
our
group
members
observed
a
sudden
spike
that
was
very
close
to
fourteen
twenty
but
abnormally
high,
considering
the
sort
of
vagueness
of
where
we
were
pointing
the
telescope,
even
despite
our
best
efforts,
so
it
turned
out
after
some
troubleshooting
that
it
was
just
a
specific
computer.
I
was
running
upstairs
that
was
causing
the
false
marker.
E
B
And
I
want
to
add
something
quickly
to
what
Anna
said
so
and
I
mentioned,
like
the
radio
frequency
interference
we
observe.
So
this
is
like
this
spike
in
this
spike,
so
how
we
know
it's
interference,
because
a
lot
of
times
it's
hard
to
find
the
origin
of
the
interference,
especially
as
there
are
a
lot
of
possible
objects
that
could
be
causing
it
well.
B
D
So
the
Doppler
shift,
so
Doppler
shift
occurs
because
there
are
a
relative
movement
to
a
source.
So
if
you've
ever
been
on
a
street
and
there's
a
like
a
fire
truck
going
by
or
like
police
car,
you
can
hear
the
the
sound
of
the
the
sound
is
higher
when
it's
coming
towards
you
and
it
gets
lower.
When
it's
going
away
from
you,
it's
like
zero
right
and
that's
due
to
a
Doppler
shift
in
sound
now
in
the
cosmic
scale.
B
Okay,
so
now
I'll
be
talking
about
a
24-hour
observation,
then
I
did
him
a
while
back,
and
so
first
you
can
see
on
the
left
is
a
graph.
We
use
a
Python
script
that
was
obtained
from
Nickell
classes
website
parody
you
to
basically
help
us
analyze
our
data
and
produce
like
a
better
looking
graph
than
was
made
from
Google
sheets.
B
So
this
observation
was
conducted
over
24
hours
and
we
pointed
our
radio
telescope
at
the
Cygnus,
a
region
which
some
he'll
live
her
those
and
then
so
you
can
see
on
the
x-axis
is
essentially
it's
just
five
minutes
from
starts,
but
it's
a
special
time
because
we
know
that's.
The
RIT
collects
one
data
file
which
is
numbers
on
the
axis
here,
every
five
minutes,
and
so
we
can
basically
treat
it
like
time
and
then
the
y-axis
is
uncalibrated.
B
So
it's
we,
this
is
the
y-axis,
isn't
incredibly
significant
and
its
current
state
believe
we'll
treat
it
more
as
like
a
relative
intensity
kind
of
unit
and
then
so
here
you
can
see
two
very
like
noticeable
peaks,
and
so
these
are
basically
confirming
that
we
accurately
and
correctly
detected
the
hydrogen
line
and
then
next
so
some
more
graphs.
So
nonetheless,
you
can
see
a
more
specific
plot
of
a
hydrogen
line.
B
Detection
and,
as
Connor
mentioned
earlier,
about
the
Doppler
shift,
you
can
actually
observe
it
in
our
data
collected
here,
because
if
you
know
this
at
zero,
which
is
corresponding
to
the
fourteen
twenty
point,
four
or
five
Center
frequency,
it's
actually
shifted
about
like
negative
0.05
off,
which
is
the
center
of
the
hydrogen.
People
were
looking
at
right
here
and
so
this
bit
kind
of
shows
we
did
the
type
of
Doppler
shift.
So
it
is
important
to
consider
when
you're
collecting
data
and
then
on.
The
right
is
just
a
contour
mouth
we've
plotted
for
fun.
B
So
a
contour
map
basically
again
shows
like
the
relative
intensity
by
using
color,
which
is
a
more
sometimes
more
intuitive
way
of
looking
at
it.
So,
as
from
the
last
line,
we
had
the
two
peaks
then
here
you
can
see
basically
two
peaks
shown
through
the
higher
intensities
here,
and
so
this
is
the
amount
we
have
for
the
24-hour
observation.
E
So
in
terms
of
takeaways
and
advice,
we'd
have
for
future
amateurs,
but
wishing
to
produce
such
a
project.
The
number
one
thing
that
we
really
need
to
consider
as
patients,
so
I
mean,
as
mentioned
before,
we
had
plenty
of
issues
with
software
and
hardware,
but
she
took
a
while
to
work
through
and
find
a
solution,
for
we
have
to
be
flexible
of
parts
and
instructions,
some
of
the
materials
that
we
plan
to
use
we're
not
always
available
or
didn't
turn
out
to
work
as
well
as
we
expected
to.
D
D
So
basically,
just
we
had
to
make
a
lot
of
changes
and
we
just
tackled
the
project
head.
First,
obviously,
there
was
not
not
everything
really
worked
out
the
first
time
and
we
had
to
sort
change
the
way
we
did
stuff
and
figure
stuff
out
like
there
is
lost
software
issues
and
there's
a
lot
of
in
resources
that
exist
on
the
Internet.
B
And
then
also,
oh
one
like
huge
pieces
of
advice
for
any
like
the
times
budding
amateur
astronomers,
although,
like
you
should
be
like
patient,
be
careful
when
you're
working
through
things,
it's
sometimes
just
beneficial
to
just
directly
tackle
all
project
and
because
there's
like
always
endless
stuff
that
you
won't.
You
don't
understand
like
for
us.
B
None
of
us
had
very
like
significant
software
backgrounds,
even
though
we
knew
some
coding
so
figuring
out,
like
fast
word,
transform
figuring
out
libraries
figuring
out
all
of
these
things
we
kind
of
were
able
to
learn
along
the
way.
So
it's
so
projects
like
this
is
really
being
good
start
for
anyone
interested
in
like
radio
strumming
or
even
just
amateur
astronomy,
because
it's
there.
It
combines
like
construction
software
and
observing
and
astronomical
concepts.
D
D
We
had
maybe
like
one
wooden
bracket
that
sort
of
holds
together,
but
some
other
people
have
done
like
two
different
brackets
like
a
higher
bracket
in
that
lower
bracket
and
to
make
it
more
sturdy,
and
you
could
probably
also
find
better
ways
of
keeping
it
together
than
like
duct
tape
and
a
better
way
to
measure
the
angle
of
elevation.
I
mean
the
only
way
we
could
really
measure
it
was
like,
like
a
protractor
or
whatever
and
kind
of
just
eyeballed
it.
It
wasn't
super
exact,
a
larger
horn,
for
a
better,
better
signal.
E
And
then,
in
regard
to
software,
we
definitely
could
also
look
into
writing
Python
scripts
that
better
suit
our
observational
needs.
Obviously,
a
lot
of
the
programs
I
use
much
many,
many
of
which
were
based
on
Mikhail's
work,
were
specifically
targeted
towards
graphing
the
hydrogen
line.
If
we
had
more
time
outside
of
Student
Life
to
work
on
this
project,
we
probably
definitely
look
into
running
our
own
scripts.
I
was
observe
what
we
wanted
like
as
I
mentioned
before
we
cut
out
using
this
telescope.
B
Then
also
one
quick
feature
improvement.
We
should
also
investigate
with
being
a
more
accurate
way
of
determining
the
coordinates
of
where
we're
pointing
our
telescope
and
Skyview,
because
if,
if
any
of
you
have
ever
used
Sky
View
before
a
lot
of
times,
you
just
kind
of
hold
your
phone
up
and
then
you
just
when
you're,
observing
and
point
at
the
sky
and
so
how
we.
This
is
probably
worth
the
most
like
error-prone
parts
of
our
observation,
because
we
try
to
like
hold
our
phone
to
align
it
with
the
radio
telescope.
B
B
That's
relatively
low-cost
and
then
we'd
like
to
say
like
a
very
special
thank
you
to
the
Society
of
amateur
radio,
strong,
restore
Sarah,
also
to
John
Wallace,
whose
article
was
basically
like
the
inspiration
really
for
our
project
and
a
reference
we
use
or
allows
the
hardware
build.
So,
if
anyone's
interested
in
attempting
this
project
we've
linked
his
article
in
the
bibliography
and
also
Mikkel
classes
for
his
help
and
and
software,
so
this
is
the
end
of
our
presentation.
Thank
you
guys
for
listening.
B
A
Was
wonderful,
thank
you
guys.
So,
yes,
we
are
getting
some
questions
on
the
chat
channel
I'm,
going
to
start
one
of
its
one
of
my
questions
so
well.
I
had
two
questions,
but
you
answered
one
of
them,
which
was
how
did
you
get
the
idea
of
doing
this
particular
project
but
P,
since
you
answered
that
my
other
question
is
you
guys
are
all
in
high
school
and
doing
this
school
project
for
your
school?
Do
you
guys,
like
all
three
of
you,
do
you
see
yourself
pursuing
a
career
in
astronomy,
I'd.
B
Say
for
me
personally
like
definitely
because
I
feel
like
I
was
the
one
who,
like
kind
of
proposed
this
radio
telescope
idea.
First
to
our
club
and
I,
feel
like
I'm,
really
interested
in
astrophysics
and
also
radio
strumming
as
well
and
I.
Feel
like
this
project
has
really
given
all
of
us,
but
like
especially
for
me
personally
I
feel
it's.
It
really
feels
like
doing
real
science.
You
know
like
a
lot
of
the
stuff
we
learn
in
class
is
really
interesting
and
all,
but
it's
sometimes
just
fun
to
get
out
there.
B
Just
kind
of
get
really
hands-on
be
able
to
like
build
something
be
able
to
observe
with
it
and
I
feel
like
this
part
is
a
really
great
way
to
kind
of
get
dive
into
astronomy
and
learn
tons
of
new
concepts,
tons
of
new
ideas
and
kind
of
practice
really
being
in
the
summer
and
then
Connor.
You
guys
want
to
add
on
I.
E
Mean
personally
I'm
going
for
the
I'm
likely
going
for
the
relatively
I
mean
basic
for
us
field
of
computer
science.
However,
I
definitely
be
interested
in
exploring
other
similar
projects
in
astronomy,
I
mean
artificial
intelligence
is
already
playing
a
big
role
in
finding
exoplanets
and
other
similar
sort
of
uses
in
astronomy,
so
I'd
definitely
be
interested
in
the
future
actively
pursuing
projects
like
those
if
they
you
know,
arise.
A
B
Thank
you,
Marian.
Well,
our
overall
budget
I
kept
the
cost.
He
came
out
to
about
I.
Think
$210
I'd
say
like
the
vast
bulk
of
the
cost
came
especially
from
the
electronics
like
the
low
noise
amplifier.
What
fantastic
combo
was
$40.
The
svr
dongle
was
$30
and
the
rest
kind
of
the
hardware,
materials
and
stuff
kind
of
just
added
up
to
the
cost.
I
think
that
was
about
how
much
we
were
willing
to
spend
because
we
as
high
schoolers.
B
We
don't
have
that
much
that
large
of
a
budget
as
like,
maybe
professional
astronomers,
do
and
then
how
we
funded.
Well,
we
don't
we
weren't,
really
funded
I'd,
say
we
did
do
some
advertising
at
school
last
year
by
selling
chick-fil-a,
which
raised
up
some
of
our
costs,
but
the
rest
of
it.
We
kind
of
just
tried
to
divide
among
their
project
numbers.
B
I
think
we
are
observation,
Tyrion
kind
of
started
like
january/february
ish
of
this
year,
so
since
its
we
since
our
school
in
our
area,
kind
of
shut
down
in
early
March
for
shelter
in
place
because
we're
in
California
right
and
then
we
didn't
really
get
much
of
a
chance
after
that,
so
I
think
primarily
we're
focused
on
like
Cygnus
a
region.
We
did
do
some
like
kind
of
random
observations
at
first
like
in
the
Orion
region.
D
D
E
So
the
actual
form
is
all
archives
on
Google
Groups.
So
there's
a
lot.
There
are
a
lot
of
resources
there
in
terms
of
trying
to
find
solutions
to
the
problems
that
we
were
running
into
so
I'd.
Imagine
that
groups
like
Terra
would
have
pretty
impact
on
the
ability
to
share
our
work
with
others.
If
it
came
to
it.
B
A
Don't
see
a
other
questions
in
the
chat
channel
right
now,
but
you
are
getting
a
lot
of
compliments.
Everyone
loved
your
presentation.
It
was
really
nice
of
you
to
put
that
together
and
present
this
project
to
us
and
hope
you
keep
at
it.
I'm
gonna
stay
on
the
channel
for
a
little
bit
more.
If
anybody
has
any
other
questions.
A
B
While
we're
waiting
for
work,
Russians
to
filter
and
I
just
charged
Emily
on
there's
two
real
quick,
so
I'm,
not
sure
if
the
strongly
associate
association
will
share
a
presentation.
But
these
are
like
the
links
that
were
really
important
in
our
project.
So
the
first
ones
as
I,
described
before
the
John
Wallace's
article,
which
is
really
instrumental
in
helping
our
process
and
planning.
And
then
here's
a
link
to
Michelle's
website
with
the
software.
And
then
here's
a
link
to
the
Society
of
amateur
astronomers.
A
A
A
But
I
don't
see
any
more
questions
coming
in.
So
thank
you
for
being
with
us
today
and
it
was
great
to
hear
about
your
project
and
we'll
keep
in
touch
and
whenever
the
club
can
reopen
in
in
person
for
in-person
activities,
we
would
love
to
have
have
you
come
in
and
have
a
follow-on
discussion
if
possible.
So
good
luck
with
everything
you
have
planned
ahead
for
your
future.