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From YouTube: Town of Hilton Head Island, Community Services & Public Safety Committee, January 23 2023, at 10 AM
Description
Town of Hilton Head Island, Community Services & Public Safety Committee, January 23, 2023, at 10 AM
Meeting Agenda available at https://www.hiltonheadislandsc.gov/towncouncil/agendas
A
B
C
A
A
A
A
H
D
D
A
G
G
There
are
the
way
that
we
typically
do
kind
of
a
hierarchy
of
preferences.
Town
Council
is
going
to
take
presence
over
everything
else.
A
standing
committee
of
council
comes
next,
then
it
comes
to
our
board's
agencies
and
commissions,
and
so
we
kind
of
work
in
that
order.
If
there
does
happen
to
be
a
conflict,
then
we'll
work
with
them
to
readjust
that
schedule
depending
upon
that
hierarchy,.
D
I
mean
another
option
would
be
to
to
make
the
two
committee
meetings.
You
know
different
weeks
or
you
know
we
could
try,
Wednesday
or
but
Planning
Commission
meets
see
that
they
now
meet
on
a
Wednesday
afternoon,
not
in
the
morning
I
believe
is
right.
I'm
looking
at
Mr
Alfred,
who
served
on
the
Planning
Commission
to
remember
their
schedule.
A
So
I'm
just
going
to
jump
in
and
continue
with
my
comment
that
this
time
frame
has
10
a.m,
has
worked
well
over
the
past
and
I'm
comfortable
with
it
in
terms
of
my
obligations
to
Town
Council,
which
comes
first
and
to
this
committee,
so
I'm
in
favor
of
re
retaining
the
10
a.m.
Time
frame,
if
there's
no
objection,
I'd
like
to
move
the
the
motion
and
and
approve
the
dates
continuing
at
10,
A.M
time
frame,.
K
H
A
D
Madam,
chair
I'm,
sorry
to
interrupt
that.
Just
just
out
of
curiosity,
I
I
know
we
have
a
staff
attorney
here:
Mr
Mack.
If
I
could
ask
a
question
about
the
process,
I
would
like
to
see
us
try
to
be
as
open
and
transparent
as
possible,
and
is
it
possible
to
at
least
say
that
we
have
a
certain
number
of
vacancies
on
certain
boards
and
commissions
and
and
the
discussion
executive
session.
A
Believe
it's
in
our
agenda,
the
Planning
Commission
has
three
openings
that
we
are
trying
to
fill.
One
seat
is
for
an
attorney
and
two
are
at
large
seats,
accommodation,
tax
advisory
committee.
There
is
one
lodging
seat
that
is
currently
ending
in
June,
30th,
2023
and
the
board
of
zoning
appeals.
There's
a
one-seat
attorney
seat
that
and
one
at
large
C.
There
are
a
number
of
applications
that
have
been
submitted
through
the
town
portal.
A
D
A
A
M
D
N
N
O
Fort
Fremont
closes
out
a
350-year
legacy
of
coastal
fortifications
in
Port
Royal
sound
beginning
in
the
mid
16th
century.
It
also
represents
the
closing
chapter
of
America's
coastal
defense
system
before
the
dawn
of
air
power.
Fort
Fremont
is
some
an
example
of
the
most
advanced
military
technology
of
its
time.
It
would
parallel
the
B-17
and
aircraft
carrier
of
World
War
II.
The
F-35
of
today
Fort
Fremont
was
an
important
part
of
the
Beaufort
culture
very
similar
to
Paris
Island
and
the
Marine
Corps
Air
Base.
Today,
in.
P
They
called
the
navigational
Point
La
Punta
de
Santa
Elena,
the
point
of
Saint
Helena,
and
what
the
Spanish
explorers
discovered
is
that
Port
Royal
sound
is
a
unique
piece
of
geography.
It's
the
deepest
natural
Harbor
south
of
the
Chesapeake
Bay,
possibly
south,
of
New
York,
the
channel
into
Port
Royal
sound.
This
I
find
a
remarkable
geological
fact.
P
It
became
the
first
capital
of
Florida
and
they
explored
the
back
country
from
this
location
for
more
than
a
century,
with
the
object
of
building
a
highway
from
This
Magnificent
Harbor
to
Mexico
City.
So
the
sound
was
known
to
the
Spaniards.
It
was
known
to
the
French,
who
actually
got
here
first
and
followed
and
created
the
first
Protestant
colony
in
the
New
World
on
Paris
Island
over
my
shoulder
and
that
colony
was
a
failure.
The
Spaniards
replaced
them.
P
It
was
part
of
Spanish
Florida
when
the
English
arrived
150
years
later,
and
this
was
became
as
a
consequence,
a
Battleground
in
the
18th
century,
between
Spanish
interests
in
Florida
and
Saint
Augustine
and
the
English
colony
in
Carolina
and
in
Charleston
and
back
and
forth.
These
wars
went
many
of
them,
Naval
Wars,
many
of
them,
employing
as
all
the
sailors
Knew
by
then
the
magic
of
Port
Royal
South.
When
the
Civil
War
came,
Confederates
defended
the
harbor,
but
it
was
basically
indefensible
against
large
Naval
forces.
P
in
a
four-hour
Cannon
Aid,
which
would
have
been
deafening
from
where
we're
sitting
Was
Heard
for
miles
from
Savannah.
Nearly
to
Charleston
it
was
called
The
Day
of
the
big
gun
shoot
during
the
Civil
War.
This
Harbor
that
we're
looking
at
was
filled
with
ships.
It
would
be
hundreds
of
ships
in
this
Harbor
there
was
a
thousand
foot
dock
with
a
railroad
on
top
off
of
Hilton
Head.
P
P
So
this
was
a
major
U.S
government
installation
in
the
heart
of
the
South.
It
was
the
headquarters
of
the
U.S
army
Department
of
the
South.
But
more
importantly,
it
was
the
headquarters
of
the
United
States
Navy
South
Atlantic,
blockading
Squadron,
so
the
biggest
ships
in
the
Navy
were
here,
and
so
it
became
and
and
that's
really
where
the
story
of
Fort
Fremont
starts
with
that
huge
Civil,
War
military
operations
and
installations
on
Hilton
Head
on
Saint
Helena
Island,
on
Paris
Island
and
in
Beaufort.
Q
The
Civil
War
we're
going
to
see
a
massive
change
in
technology.
That's
going
to
revolutionize
the
military.
During
the
Civil
War,
we
had
Ironclad
ships,
we
had
rifled
cannons,
but
they
were
all
made
out
of
iron
and
they
were
not
terribly
effective,
but
it's
technology
is
going
to
change
after
the
Civil
War.
We're
going
to
see
steel
produced
and
steel
is
much
harder.
So
now
we
have
a
new
material
to
make
armor
out
of
for
ships.
So
we
can
have
these
armored
ships
made
with
steel
in
a
much
more
resistance.
Q
A
shot
because
I
have
steel.
I
can
make
stronger
barrels
for
my
guns.
I
can
rifle
and
machine
these
much
better
and
the
rifling
is.
The
spirals
that
are
cut
in
the
barrel
allows
it
to
shoot
further
with
more
accuracy,
and
we
can
also
now
have
breech
loading
guns
that
can
lock
from
behind.
So
I
can
load
my
gun
from
behind
I
don't
have
to
go.
Have
the
whole
black
powder
muzzle
loading
Cannon
head
before
now?
I
can
fire
much
more
rapidly
if
I
compare
they're
done
of
1890
to
The
Guns
of
1860.
Q
for
the
same
caliber,
the
same
diameter
gun
that
1890
gun
will
be
able
to
fire
projectile
as
four
times
heavier
can
shoot
it
three
times
further.
You
can
put
it
in
with
greater
precision
and
can
put
it
through
much
more
armor
than
anything
we
had
in
1860s
World
difference.
A
military
historian,
ER
Lewis
would
say
that
the
change
between
the
Civil,
War
and
1890
in
artillery
technology
was
the
greatest
that
would
be
seen
since
invention
of
artillery
in
the
14th
century
to
the
introduction
of
the
nuclear
projectile
in
the
1950s.
Q
So
there's
been
a
huge
change
in
gun
technology.
At
the
same
time,
it's
not
just
the
steel
but
also
the
powder
that
fires.
These
guns
is
different.
We
have
new
chemical
makeup
and
so
like
cordite
is
invented
now
and
it's
still
a
widely
used
military
explosive.
Even
today,
smokeless
power
is
invented
during
this
period
of
time,
and
it's
not
just
chemical
composition,
but
it's
the
details
of
how
you
make
the
grain
how
fast
they
burn.
So
much
like
the
skill
of
firing.
Q
A
solid
rocket,
solid
fuel
rocket,
it's
that
same
kind
of
Technology,
that's
been
developed
in
these
gunpowder
and
this
new
powder.
So
our
weapons
of
this
day
are
much
much
greater.
They
would
be
the
great
killing
machines
of
World
War
One,
most
the
casualties
on
the
battlefields,
World
War
one
would
come
from
artillery.
Q
Q
They
are
now
equipped
with
these
fine
long
range
guns
and
they
now
become
the
dominant
threat
of
the
late
19th
early
20th
century.
This
is
the
threat.
The
French
and
English
would
bombard
cities
like
Cairo
and
reduce
them
to
Rubble
because
they
were
unable
to
defend
them.
So
this
is
how
the
world
was
seeing
the
threat
from
this
new
technology.
Big
battleships,
are
the
threat
of
the
era
and
new
guns
and
fortifications
on
the
ground
or
what
you
have
to
have
to
defend
against
them.
P
One
of
the
most
important
and
first
things
that
happened
after
the
Civil
War
is
they
built
a
railroad
to
Port
Royal
sound
which
didn't
exist.
It
was
the
first
connection
of
the
sea
Islands
to
the
mainland.
The
advantage
of
that
railroad
is
it
brought
cold,
Port
Royal
South.
So
when
the
coal
was
delivered.
Q
The
Navy
followed
in
1872
Robert
Smalls,
was
in
the
South
Carolina
legislature
and
he
pushed
through
a
resolution
to
the
Secretary
of
War,
calling
for
them
to
put
a
Navy
station
on
Paris
Island
and
eventually
he
would
go
into
Congress
where
he
would
continue
his
support
for
a
Navy
station.
Here
in
the
Beaufort
Port
Royal
area.
They
eventually
opened
a
Navy
station
here
and
a
cooling
station.
P
They
created
in
the
1890s
on
Paris
Island,
the
largest
Dry
Dock
in
the
United
States.
This
is
the
period
when
the
U.S
Navy
was
switching
from
sail
to
steam.
All
the
Navies
of
the
world
need
the
coaling
station.
This
was
the
principal
Kohli
station
because
of
the
railroad
for
the
Caribbean
and
South
American
U.S
fleets.
This
would.
Q
Be
the
biggest
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk.
In
fact,
it
is
the
only
Dry
Dock
south
of
Norfolk
Virginia,
that's
capable
of
taking
these
new
modern
battleships
or
these
new
modern
armored
Cruisers.
So
this
becomes
at
this
point
a
strategic
Navy
Basin
that
it
provides
coal
and
it
provides
top-line
support
to
the
ships
and
they
can
repair
the
hulls
of
even
the
biggest
ships
in
the
U.S
Navy.
Q
Following
the
Civil
War
National
strategy
and
emphasis
in
the
United,
States
shifted
from
to
recovery
from
war
and
all
of
our
Coastal
fortifications
went
into
neglect.
The
military
was
busy
taming,
the
west
and
Coastal
defenses
became
something
that
was
no
longer
important
and
the
rest
of
the
world
technology
is
moving
forward
and
they're
developing
these
battleships
they're
developing
new
high
quality
artillery,
and
this
is
going
on
worldwide
and
in
1885
president
Grover
Cleveland
appointed
Endicott
board.
Q
This
was
headed
by
secretary
War,
Endicott,
William
Endicott,
and
the
board
would
meet
initial
report
in
1886
and
they
said
the
conditions
of
our
Coastal
defenses
were
just
unbearably
cannot
be
allowed
to
stay
like
that,
and
they
made
recommendations
for
fortification
and
improvements.
They
identified
29
places
that
needed
fortifications
and
11
of
which
were
critical
in
that
list
of
29,
Savannah
and
Charleston
on
the
list.
But
Beaufort
is
not
on
the
list.
P
So
the
USS
Maine
was
here
on
patrol
and
in
the
harbor
and
while
they
were
in
the
harbor
several
times,
they
entertained
the
local
population.
So
the
merchants
and
the
social
leaders
and
the
political
leaders
of
Beaufort
were
invited
to
come,
have
lunch
with
the
captain
of
the
ship.
Captain
sigsby
and
the
officers
got
to
know
the
people.
The
people
got
got
to
know
the
officers.
The
crew,
which
was
large,
would
go
ashore
on
payday
and
make
friends
with
everybody
in
town.
Q
At
that
point,
somebody
in
the
war
department
realized
that
we
had
this
big
Dry
Dock,
the
only
Dry
Dock
in
the
South
that
could
take
on
and
repair
these
big
Capital
ships
that
were
in
our
Navy
we're
going
to
start
operations
against
a
power
in
the
Caribbean,
and
this
fort
was
totally
undefended
and
that's
what
put
Fort
Fremont
on
the
map
we
had
to
have
a
fort
here
to
defend
the
coaling
station,
and
especially
this
big
Dry
Dock,
as
well
as
this
fine
Harbor.
That's
here.
P
And,
of
course,
that
event,
which
killed
300
or
more
Sailors
on
the
ship
was
very
much
followed
by
the
local
news
media
and
very
much
lamented
by
the
many
friends
that
the
crew
had
made
here.
The
destruction
of
the
USS
Maine
was
a
personal
matter
to
Beaufort
and
to
Port
Royal
South
and,
of
course
it
was
the
Spanish-American
War
and
the
attempt
to
defend
this
Harbor
again,
which
led
to
this.
The
creation
of
Fort
Fremont,
the
United
States
declared
war
on
Spain
in
in
April,
1898.
P
Q
By
early
may,
we
had
temporary
batteries
in
place
here,
submarine
mines
were
in
place
and
in
the
summer
they
would
actually
place
the
mines
across
the
Beaufort
river.
Behind
me,
the
temporary
batteries
were
a
temporary
expedient.
They
were
located
to
my
left
about
a
thousand
yards.
They've
immediately
began
construction
of
what
would
become
Fort
Fremont.
The
large
batteries
would
House
of
large
guns
battery
four
Nance,
the
rapid
fire
guns.
The
smaller
battery
was
completed
by
June
of
1898.
P
Q
H
Well,
Fort
Fremont
was
named
for
a
Major
General
John
Fremont.
He
was
actually
a
local
boy,
so
to
speak.
He
was
born
and
grew
up
in
Savannah
Georgia,
just
south
of
us,
and
went
to
college
in
the
College
of
Charleston
up
just
north
of
us
in
Charleston.
He
served
in
the
army
and
primarily
initially
as
a
Explorer
as
army.
Forts
were
generally
named
for
army
officers
and
he
was
connected
locally.
R
Fort
was
constructed
on
a
site
directly
across
the
river
from
the
Paris
Island
Naval
Station,
and
the
site
selected
was
170
Acres,
which
included
the
two
artillery
batteries
for
it
for
Fremont,
of
course,
had
battery
foreness
and
battery
Jessup.
But
then
adjacent
to
the
battery
site
was
an
administrative
quadrangle,
a
very
typical
military
type,
administrative
Square.
H
We
are
sitting
number
three
gun
position
of
a
three
gun
battery,
just
up
which
had
three
10
inch
disappearing:
carriage,
large
caliber
guns,
breach
loading
guns.
Their
purpose
was
to
engage
the
warships
that
might
be
entering
the
harbor
and
Port
Royal
sound
we're
here
now
at
the
second
battery
that
was
part
of
Fort
Fremont.
This
is
battery.
Four
Nance
was
named
for
army
officer
that
was
actually
killed
during
the
Spanish-American
War.
During
the
Battle
of
San
Juan
Hill
battery
Finance
mounted
two
British
made
4.72
inch,
Armstrong
quickfire
guns.
H
They
were
called
quick
fire
because
they
loaded
were
loaded
with
a
complete
cartridge
and
it
in
time
of
action.
They
could
fire
four
to
six
rounds
per
minute.
The
purpose
of
battery
for
Nance
was
to
defend
the
Minefield,
which
was
the
other
component
of
the
Endicott
Coast
artillery
or
or
Coast
defense
system,
a
Minefield
with
controlled
mines
controlled,
meaning
that
they
were
connected
electrically
to
Shore
and
could
be
fired
on
command
from
Shore.
H
That
control
station
would
have
been
probably
shared
with
the
plotting
room
and
in
order
to
protect
the
Minefield.
Obviously,
an
enemy
would
want
to
interfere
with
that
might
send
vessels
small
ships
in
here
at
night
to
try
to
interfere,
and
this
battery
would
take
those
vessels
Under
Fire.
If
there
was
some,
there
was
suspected
that
they
were
doing
something
to
interfere
with
the
mines,
such
as
pulling
up
the
cables
and
cutting
those
the.
Q
L
The
life
for
the
soldiers
at
Fort
Fremont
was
disciplined
and
regimented.
They
even
had
meal
times
were
specified
lengths
of
time
15
minutes
for
lunch.
15
minutes
at
breakfast,
20
minutes
of
supper.
They
had
to
practice
their
skills.
They
were
training
and
doing
maintenance
constantly.
If
you
can
imagine
with
these
big
guns,
they
had
to
have
skills
in
and
practice
the
skills
in
artillery
mind
laying
signaling,
which
involved,
in
our
case
at
Fort,
Fremont
the
use
of
the
fire
control
tower,
which
was
pretty
sophisticated
and
advanced
signaling
technique.
L
Then
they
also
had
to
practice
the
typical
military
skills
marching
and
drilling
Small
Arms,
fire,
first
aid
and
so
forth.
In
addition
to
that,
they
also
had
participated
in
athletics.
They
had
physical
training
PT
and
they
also
had
sports
teams.
So
this
was
to
keep
them
physically
fit
so
that
they
could
continue
their
their
duties
because
they
were,
it
was
pretty
rigorous
at
Fort,
Fremont.
Q
When,
eventually,
the
decision
was
made
to
move
a
dry
dock
and
the
coaling
station
in
the
Navy
station
up
to
Charleston,
then
this
fort
no
longer
became
significant.
There
was
nothing
left
here
that
was
to
be
protected.
At
that
point,
1911
the
last
troops
were
transferred
out
and
the
fort
was
closed.
P
In
1901,
the
mayor
of
Charleston
and
the
United
States
Senator
Pitchfork
Ben
Tillman
from
South
Carolina,
wanted
this
to
move
from
Beaufort
County
to
Charleston
County,
because
there
are
more
votes
in
Charleston
County
and
the
mayor
wanted.
The
U.S
Corps
of
Engineers
in
the
Navy
to
dredge
the
harbor
in
Charleston,
because
battleships
in
those
days
required
26
feet
of
water,
Charleston's
natural
Harbors,
15
feet
of
water.
Port
Royal
is
30..
You
know
what,
in
order
for
Charleston
to
sustain
its
Port,
it's
commercial
Port.
It
had
to
dredge
the
harbor.
P
P
Q
The
fort
did
its
job
the
deterrent
for
anybody
that
wished
to
attack
these.
It
provided
protection,
in
fact,
the
whole
endicotta
system,
although
never
challenged
in
this
era.
Here
in
the
United
States,
provided
some
300
major
guns,
Coastal
guns
to
protect
major
areas
and
left
the
United
States
at
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
with
his
well-defended
Coastline
as
any
place
in
in
the
world,
but
I
I
would
just.
P
Like
to
say
that
it's
a
magnificent
artifact
of
an
era
and
it's
an
era
that
has
been
neglected,
the
turn
of
the
20th
century,
the
naval
station
across
the
river
here-
and
so
it's
a
it's
a
piece
of
History,
that's
disappearing
and
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
preserved
it
for
the
use
of
the
public
and
as
a
memorial.
To
that
moment
in
history,
Fort.
O
Fremont
closes
at
350
year
story
of
Homeland
Security
addressing
European
imperialism
in
the
19th
century.
It's
a
tale
of
how
geography,
technology
and
National
Security
creates
a
transition
for
America
to
become
a
global
power.
It's
also
a
wonderful
snapshot
of
America.
In
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century,
the
friends
of
Fort,
Fremont
and
Beaufort
County
have
a
valued
partnership,
working
in
tandem
to
preserve
the
fort's
integrity
and
promote
the
historical,
natural
and
cultural
aspects
of
the
Court
most
important.
We
are
always
looking
for
creative
ways
to
enhance
visitor
experience.
O
N
N
S
T
B
U
S
All
water
east
of
the
Continental
Divide
drains
to
the
Atlantic,
while
water
west
of
the
Divide
flows
to
the
Pacific
and
one
drop
of
rain,
can
cross
many
different
watersheds
along
the
way
as
runoff
flows
into
rivers,
streams
and
storm
trains.
The
water
picks
up
trash
dirt
bacteria,
toxic
chemicals
and
fertilizers,
creating
a
soup
of
pollutants
that
is
extremely
hazardous
to
the
environment
and
the
consequences
of
polluted
runoff
exist
worldwide.
S
S
E
Many
cases
people
mistakenly
identify
large
discharge
pipes
in
the
water
as
the
problem,
but
that
may
not
be
the
problem
it
may
be
coming
from
agricultural
runoff.
It
may
be
coming
from
storm
water
runoff
over
parking,
lots
and
impervious
surfaces.
Every
Watershed
is
different
and
you
need
to
look
at
each
Watershed
in
its
own
terms
and
then
think
systematically
about
how
you
remediate
how
you
clean
up
that
watershed.
S
U
Z
Pollutants
in
the
water
affect
Surfers
because
we're
actually
the
indicator
species
with
all
the
pollutants
when
we're
in
the
waters
we're
ingesting
it
through
our
skin
in
our
mouth.
Even
if
people
don't
take
a
swap
Olive
water
and
still
getting
into
our
systems
our
ears
any
orifice
on
your
body
and
it
causes
infections,
it
can
cause
colds
sore
throats
at
the
very
least
I.
U
AA
Most
of
the
bacteria
that
you're
going
to
see
me
going,
it
comes
from
thesis
and
when
you
put
under
the
UV
light
you're
going
to
see
a
different
kind
of
color,
it's
a
fluorescent
sign
that
there
is
a
bacteria
and
that
one
is
called
E
coli.
That
one
definitely
is
a
feces
from
animals
or
it
could
be
humans.
S
S
U
Z
S
S
After
the
flood
of
27,
massive
levies
were
put
in
place
and
while
they
helped
protect
the
Lower
Mississippi
River
Basin
from
flooding,
the
levees
and
other
human
activities
would
ultimately
harm
the
Watershed
in
unforeseen
ways.
The
gulf
state
of
Louisiana
is
the
Terminus
of
the
Mississippi
River,
the
mighty
Watershed
that
drains
41
percent
of
the
area
of
the
lower
48
states
into
the
Gulf
of
Mexico.
We.
Y
AC
AC
S
So
what
exactly
is
causing
this
dead
zone
in
the
Gulf
hypoxia
develops
when
an
area
of
water
receives
excess
pollutants,
primarily
an
overabundance
of
nutrients
which
produce
large
algae
blooms
that
die
off
and
lead
to
low
oxygen,
and
since
the
Mississippi
gets
fed
by
tributaries
that
flow
through
31
states.
That
adds
up
to
a
staggering
volume
of
contaminated
runoff.
E
Y
M
X
It's
just
rotten.
This
is
just
a
fact
of
of
life.
The
way
we
treat
our
water
systems
because
we
use
them
as
our
garbage
dumps.
We
use
them
to
dilute
our
pollutants
and
things
like
that
and
it
flows.
Downstream
I
believe.
The
statistic
is
that
if
you're
in
New
Orleans
the
water
that
is
going
by,
you
has
passed
through
human
gut,
something
like
three
or
four
times
before
it
gets
to
you.
X
S
AC
S
Eliminating
the
hypoxic
Zone
will
take
more
than
saving
our
Wetlands.
Reducing
nutrient
runoff
in
the
Mississippi
River
Watershed
is
the
heart
of
the
problem.
It's
an
issue
involving
over
half
the
states
in
the
nation
and
a
vast
array
of
Industries,
particularly
farming,
which
uses
nitrogen-rich
fertilizer
to
grow.
AD
Y
S
S
In
January
of
1996,
one
of
the
most
devastating
winter
storms
in
history
slammed
the
East
Coast
snow
dumps
on
New
York
and
throughout
the
Northeast.
Corridor
schools,
airports
and
roads
are
shut
down
by
the
time
it's
over.
The
blizzard
and
resultant
flooding
caused
three
billion
dollars
in
losses
and
187
lives
are
taken
and
in
the
Catskill
Mountains
of
Upstate
New
York,
the
snowmelt
triggers
another
potentially
devastating
crisis.
AE
AG
AH
What
we're
looking
at
here
is
a
main
tributary
of
the
Esopus
Creek
during
flooding.
We
were
seeing
a
lot
of
sediment
coming
out
of
the
stream.
The
clay
gets
into
the
water
column
and
it
becomes
very
turbid,
and
then
it
makes
it
very
difficult
to
treat
and
clean
that
water
so
from
a
water
quality
perspective.
We're
very
concerned
about
erosion,
the.
AE
We
have
a
very
exciting
program
with
the
Watershed
agricultural
Council,
where
we
are
working
with
local
farmers.
We
look
at
how
they're
handling
the
animals
so
that
the
runoff
associated
with
manure
fertilizer
and
that
that
farm
activity
isn't
getting
into
the
the
streams
around
our
reservoirs.
This.
F
Water
here
is
basically
the
water
you're
going
to
be
drinking
down
in
the
city
and
I
feel
I've
got
a
responsibility
to
try
my
best
to
keep
it
clean
for
when
it
gets
down
there.
It
used
to
be
when
it
rained
here
on
the
farm.
The
water
that
ran
away
from
the
the
back
of
the
barn
here
was
full
of
mud,
manure,
and
it
would
just
run
Brown
and
right
into
the
Stream
two
years
ago.
We
would
spread
every
day,
we'd
have
to
take
it
out,
spread
it
on
the
fields.
F
AI
S
Z
E
Paved
concrete
surfaces
asphalt,
parking,
lots
sidewalks.
The
question
is:
do
we
need
to
have
as
many
as
we
do,
because,
to
the
extent
that
you
have
too
much
imperving
the
surface,
the
water
is
not
retained
on
site.
It
doesn't
soak
into
the
ground,
it
runs
off,
picks
up,
speed
carries
pollutants
and
contaminants
into
the
water
body.
One.
S
Strategy
for
preventing
stormwater
runoff
is
occurring
at
the
new
Ford
Rouge
Center
in
Dearborn
Michigan.
This
remodeled
truck
plant
is
covered
by
a
green
roof.
The
size
of
eight
football
fields
planted
with
a
porous
ground
cover.
It
reduces
the
amount
of
polluted
runoff
released
into
the
Watershed.
The.
AK
E
W
When
you
change
your
used
motor
oil,
you
don't
dump
it
into
the
street
everybody's
got
to
clean
up
after
their
pets.
Obviously,
that's
a
big
concern.
Fertilizers,
herbicides
pesticides
make
sure
you
don't
use
them
anytime,
there's
any
chance
of
rain
coming
up
in
the
near
future
when
you're
irrigating,
your
lawn
in
your
garden,
make
sure
that
you're
not
over
spraying
and
causing
all
those
chemicals
to
end
up
getting
into
the
storm
drain
system.
The
only
way
we're
going
to
solve
the
problem
is,
if
everybody
does
their
part,
we.
S
C
AL
Immediately
following
the
Civil
War
and
following
reconstruction
and
I
was
shocked.
It's
almost
like
a
horror
movie
when
you
think
that
the
vampires
did
and
all
of
a
sudden
they
come
up
out
of
the
casket
and
he
think
damn
I
thought
I'd
put
a
stake
in
your
heart.
I
thought
that
the
worst
I'm
most
pernicious,
heinous
aspects
of
anti-black
white
supremacy
were
long
gone
and
that
I
was
naive
about
that
and
we've
seen
a
rise
in
hate
speech.
AL
Anti-Semitism
anti-gay
attitudes
and
people
when
people
become
frightened,
particularly
about
their
economic
future,
they
look
for
scapegoats
in
the
scapegoats
traditionally
have
been
Jewish
people,
women,
gay
people
and,
of
course,
in
this
country,
people
of
color.
So
it's
a
moral,
a
lesson:
let's
don't
go
back
to
what
happened
with
the
roll
back
to
reconstruction.
C
AL
It
was
one
of
the
greatest
heroes
of
the
Civil
War
and
reconstruction
served
five
non-consecutive
terms
in
Congress
because
he
was
constantly
being
accused
yet
of
stealing
money
and
misappropriating
funds.
They
were.
There
was
a
mythology
sanctioned
by
the
discipline
of
History
located
at
Columbia
University
called
the
Dunning
School,
led
by
historian
Professor
Dunning,
and
they
found
every
way
to
traduce
the
achievements
of
black
people,
and
that
has
only
been
undone
by
historians
since
Dubois
published
black
reconstruction
and
most
notably
under
the
leadership
of
another
Columbia.
AL
Professor
professor
Eric
foner,
with
whom
we
made
a
reconstruction
series.
He
was
our
chief
consultant
plus
we
have
over
40
historians,
doing
modern
Cutting
Edge
scholarship
on
reconstruction
that
whom
we
feature
in
the
series.
So
it's
very
much
a
collective
series
and
it's
very
much
a
Counterpoint
to
the
received
interpretations
of
reconstruction
fabricated
by
the
Dunning
School.
C
AL
Carolina
was
Ground
Zero
for
reconstruction
because
it
was
a
majority
black
state,
the
there's,
a
famous
1872
lithograph
of
the
first
colored
Senator,
and
the
members
of
the
House
of
Representatives
and
three
of
those
men
in
that
lithograph
were
from
South
Carolina.
When
Richard
T
Greener
graduated
from
Harvard,
the
first
black
man
to
graduate
from
Harvard
in
the
class
of
1870.
Where
was
the
land
of
opportunity?
Was
it
in
New
York?
Was
it
in
Boston?
Was
it
in
Philadelphia?
AL
Charleston
came
to
Charleston,
then
went
to
Columbia
and
served
on
the
faculty
and
took
law
classes
there.
The
a
black
man
from
England
from
Liverpool
England,
Robert,
Brown
Elliott,
came
to
to
Boston
in
1867.
The
British
Navy
could
smell
the
opportunity,
headed
straight
to
South
Carolina
and
worked
for
Richard
Harvey
Kane's
newspaper
then
was
elected
to
congress
very
eloquent
man,
and
this
was
where
it
was
at.
This
is
where
it
was
happening
and
when
I
interviewed
representative
Clyburn
his
office
in
the
in
the
Congress
well.
AL
I
mean
it's
like
a
museum
you
go
in
there
and
all
these
brothers
are
on
the
wall
and
we
talked
about
the
fact
that
South
Carolina
had
a
black
majority
in
the
House
of
Representatives.
You
can't
imagine
that
now,
South
Carolina,
even
in
the
18th
century,
was
called
negro
country.
It
was
a
black
State
and
very
soon
that
was
dismantled.
So
it's
no
surprise
that
many
of
the
most
vicious
battles
over
race
occurred
here,
because
it
was
an
attempt
to
control
this
black
majority.
AL
AL
Debit,
the
establishment
of
black
social
institutions,
particularly
the
church's
fraternal
organizations,
social
organizations,
the
fact
that
so
many
of
the
slaves
wanted
to
get
married
and
legalize
their
love
relationships.
The
the
taking
out
of
ads
and
newspapers
to
reunite
families
and
the
fact
that
80
percent
of
the
eligible
black
men
in
the
South
registered
to
vote
in
what
I
call
the
First
Freedom
Summer
the
summer
of
1867
and
500
000
of
them
cast
their
votes
in
the
general
election
of
1868
for
Ulysses
S
Grant.
That's
amazing
and
people
form
schools
historically
black.
AL
AL
There
weren't
public
Statewide,
Public,
School
Systems
and
the
Reconstruction
governments,
particularly
in
South
Carolina,
particularly
as
designed
by
Robert
Smalls,
established
Statewide
Public
School,
Educational
Systems,
which
hadn't
been
done
before,
which
is
a
shock
to
people.
And
that's
because
black
people
understood
the
value
of
Education.
C
C
AL
The
collapse
of
reconstruction
was
a
conspiracy
between
economic
interest
and
political
interests
in
the
North
and
in
the
South
they
said.
12
years
is
enough.
There
was
a
economic
Panic
of
1873,
which
was
called
the
first
Great
Depression
and
people
looked
around
and
said.
Why
are
we
spending
all
the
money
on
these
Negroes
in
the
South?
AL
C
AL
Why
Dylan,
McGee
and
I
made
this
series
and
with
PBS
we'll
get
and
I
am
on
the
road?
You
know
I
flew
down
to
Beaufort
from
Harvard
I.
Did
my
official
duties
I
jumped
on
JetBlue
and
came
down
here,
because
I
wanted
to
South
Carolina
screening
to
remind
people
that
this
is
Ground
Zero?
That,
then,
is
now
and
I
want
to
do
one
in
Charleston
and
I
want
to
do
one
at
the
Pen
Center
as
well.
AL
First
of
all,
I
want
reconstruction
modules.
First
I
want
reconstruction
modules
to
be
created
in
the
classroom,
so
that
reconstruction
is
as
Central
to
a
course
in
American
history.
As
the
Civil
War
is,
or
World
War,
One
or
World
War
II
reconstruction
was
our
first
experiment
with
interracial
democracy
and
it
was
crushed
and
the
only
way
we're
going
to
survive
as
a
society
is,
if
we
fashion
forms
of
interracial
democracy
and
collaboration
that
allow
a
multiplicity
of
voices,
sexual
orientations,
religious
beliefs,
Etc
gender
identities
to
thrive
and
live
in
harmony
and
peace.
V
The
Old
Town
Master
Plan
was
devised
in
probably
2006
right
around
there.
We
were
starting
to
see
the
growth
effect,
our
small
town,
coming
West
off
of
Hilton
Head
and
moving
its
way
into
Bluffton
and
Bluffton
was
just
this
small
somewhat
of
a
square
mile,
but
growing.
So
we
decided
to
put
some
money
and
a
lot
of
our
efforts
into
what
is
called
the
Old
Town
master
plan.
It
was
adopted
in
2006
and
it
really
is
a
blueprint
for
all
of
our
policies,
improvements
and
improvements
in
our
historic
district.
V
So
the
garden
house
is
behind
us.
It
is
a
historical
structure.
It's
the
probably
the
last
Friedman's
Cottage,
that's
on
the
river,
so
you
look
at
it
and
people
think
tear
it
down.
Well
again,
if
you
go
back
to
this
Old
Town
master
plan,
it
would
tell
you,
enhance
your
structures,
put
your
time
and
effort
and
your
money
into
places
that
can't
be
duplicated.
My.
AM
Wife
and
I
live
here
in
Bluffton,
and
this
has
been
a
a
piece
of
property
that
we've
looked
at
since
about
2008
and
before
the
restoration
and
renovation
started,
and
something
that
we've
been
interested
in
seeing
progress
over
time.
Well,
it's
it's
very
interesting.
The
the
har
the
house
has
been
called
the
Garvin
house
for
just
kind
of
folklore
vernacular
and
as
Melanie
marks,
my
wife
went
through
the
the
genealogy.
It
became
clear
that
his
real
name
was
Cyrus
Garvey,
but
through
transfer
of
deeds
and
other
other.
AM
AN
On
property
that
belonged
to
Joseph
Boehner,
who
was
a
plantation
owner
his
summer
home,
was
here
on
this
property,
but
his
Plantation
was
near
or
possibly
in
the
bounds
of
Palmetto
Bluff,
the
development
and
somehow
Cyrus
was
able
to
work.
This
land
build
his
house
in
1870,
but
didn't
get
deeded
the
property
until
1880
by
Joseph
baynard.
When
you
think
about
this
house-
and
he
was
living
here
in
the
view
that
he
had
it's.
It's
amazing
my.
AM
AO
Could
we
help
well?
What
brings
us
to
Bluffton
is
This
Magnificent
house
here
the
Garvin
house
we've
been
working
as
as
director
of
the
Palmetto
Trust
I'm,
all
over
the
state,
working
with
municipalities
and
and
communities,
and
this
has
been
on
our
radar
ever
since
I
came
on
in
2007..
This
was
an
amazing
story
of
this
family.
After
freedom
was
able
to
build
their
own
lives
here
in
their
own
property.
This
is
kind
of
a
unique
situation
because
most
of
the
properties
we
work
with
do
get
turned
into
private
homes.
AO
AP
Basically,
when
we
took
over
this
project,
there
was
a
stabilization
project
which
basically
means
where
these
6x6
is.
Cribbing
carries
a
steel
beam
that
pretty
much
runs
through
the
length
of
the
house,
so
you've
got
one
here
and
you've
got
one
pretty
much.
That
runs
down
the
center,
and
this
was
basically
to
give
support,
because
you
can
see
the
structure
got
to
the
point
of
where
it
really
couldn't
stand
by
itself.
AP
So
you
can
see
it's
not
too
hard
to
pull
down
it's
almost
completely
off,
but
we'll
take
this
down
photograph.
It
document
it
and
we
put
it
back
in
the
same
place.
This
is
some
of
the
original
old
beam
and
basically
it's
anywhere
from
six
inches
to
six
and
a
half
inches,
because
it's
all
rough
hewed,
it
was
all
done
by
ax
and
basically
we're
hand
saw.
So
it's
not
perfect.
AP
So
it's
got
a
little
bit
of
a
stammer
a
little
bit
of
a
wave
here
and
there
so
we've
interlocked
and
tied
it
in
when
we
dug
the
footing.
We
came
across
a
lot
of
interesting
things,
so
just
various
bottles,
little
baby,
perfume
bottles
and
things
like
that.
Just
you
know
that
would
be.
You
know
precious
to
them
back
in
the
day,
and
these
are
some
of
the
old
original
Lids
from
The
Cannery
from
the
Oyster
Factory
I
kind
of
always
enjoyed
the
challenge
of
looking
at
something
and
trying
to
look
at
okay.
AP
AP
So
as
time
progressed,
they
needed
more
room,
they
basically
just
notched
in
add
it
to
the
foundation,
brought
a
new
roof
out,
and
now
this
became
basically
another
room,
bedroom,
living
room
area,
kind
of
a
kitchen
area
here
and
obviously
you're
not
running
down
to
Home,
Depot
and
Lowe's.
You
can
see
they
actually
just
went
down
to
the
beach
got
sand
and
basically
mixed
a
sand
mortar,
and
you
can
see
some
of
the
oyster
shell
pieces
in
it,
and
things
like
that.
Just
that's
amazing.
AP
What
they
would
do
is
basically
because
of
the
fact
we've
got
a
heavy
duty,
Foundation
like
we
have
now,
and
this
used
to
be.
Basically
what
they
would
do
is
take
a
Cypress
stump,
hopefully
Cyprus,
because
it
would
last
longer-
and
this
is
1870-
but
they
would
bury
this
into
the
ground
and
then
they
would
start
all
of
their
heavy
beam
and
Framing
and
basically
sit
on
top
of
this.
AP
You
have
Milestones
every
day
and
you
think
after
you
know,
I've
been
doing
it
for
close
to
30
years
that
you
know
it's
different
every
day
and
it's
a
challenge,
so
we
have
a
staircase
that
was
intact
so,
instead
of
having
to
remove
it,
we
kind
of
kept
it
in
place.
We
worked
under
it
around
it
in
it
and,
like
we
temporarily
secured
this
thing,
eight
different
times.
While
we
put
the
floor
system
under
it,
this
basically
is
our
racks.
AP
So
when
we
actually
physically
take
something
off
the
structure,
we
want
to
know
where
it
is
and
what
it
went.
So
what
we
would
do
is
we
would
physically
remove
it
photograph
and
then
we
would
go
ahead
and
just
label
this
piece.
What
side
of
the
house
it
was
on
where
it
was
at,
and
it
basically
gives
us
a
guide
to
put
this
giant
puzzle.
You
know
back
together
again
this.
AO
Is
a
restoration
most
of
the
type
of
things
that
have
done
a
renovation,
a
rehabilitation
that
allows
them
to
be
modern
use?
We
do
have
modern
codes
that
had
to
be
implemented
here
because
of
its
Public
Access,
but
every
effort
was
made
to
try
to
ensure
it
communicated
what
these
people
had
to
build.
So
we
didn't
put
in
these
big
brick
Piers,
underneath
that
would
have
been
normal.
We
just
using
wooden
stumps.
This
is
what
they
had,
but
everything
is
worked
to
give
the
aesthetic
look
of
the
type
of
house.
AM
To
capture
a
point
in
time
to
capture
what
it
would
have
been
like
again,
this
is
a
piece
of
a
broader
picture
to
capture
what
a
family
Cyrus
Garvey
was
living
in
here
with
his
wife
and
children
in
these
reclaimed
wood.
At
the
time
it
was
reclaimed,
it
could
have
been
taken
from
houses
that
were
burned
after
the
war
ended
and
put
this
together
where
he
lived,
and
then
that's
why
the
genealogy
and
the
history
of
him
and
his
family
is
so
important
because
it
isn't
just
a
building.
AO
It
communicates
a
time
and
place
that
not
many
places
do
anymore.
You
know
when,
when
in
the
low
country,
where
you
have
such
development
pressures,
usually
little
wooden
boxes
like
this
get
destroyed
and
lost,
and
so
this
communicates
something
post-civil,
War
post-enslavement.
You
know
it's
about
it's
about
these
people
surviving
and
overcoming
enslavement
into
a
place
of
freedom
and
their
niche
in
property
in
their
own
house,
and
and
that
transitional
story
is
not
told
enough
in
the
state
and
we're
so
glad
it
could
be
done
here.
The.
AP
The
biggest
challenge,
again,
as
you
know,
is
working
in
all
of
the
old
Lumbers,
and
things
like
that
were
to
the
exciting
part
of
it.
Now,
where
we're
basically
done
with
the
framing
now
we're
kind
of
putting
the
puzzle
back
together,
you
get
a
feel
for
when
they
actually
put
it
together
and
you
can
see
their
frustrations
when
they
ran
out
of
a
particular
species
of
lumber
or
something
to
use,
and
they
just
changed
it
up
and
and
still
kept
going
and
pushed
forward.
AP
We're
going
to
get
back
just
the
methodical
way
that
we
put
it
back
together.
My
biggest
concern
was
these
beautiful
oak
trees
that
have
surrounded
this.
That
was
the
scary
part,
because
I
did
come
down
here
three
days
after
the
storm,
and
there
was
trees
and
power
lines
down.
I
couldn't
even
see
the
house
I
got
down
the
road
as
far
as
I
could
and
looked
at
the
house
and
I
was
like.
Oh
my
gosh.
AN
AM
In
this
community
and
in
this
country,
these
days
is
a
very
important
thing,
because
there's
so
much
strife
and
there's
so
much
conflict
and
friction
to
actually
have
a
community
like
this
say.
This
is
important.
It's
important
to
put
our
money
here
and
it's
important
to
show
how
people
over
time
did
work
together
and
respect
each
other
and
we're
resurrecting
not
only
a
house
but
really
a
legacy
for
an
individual
that
Rose
above
a
big
challenging
time.
I
AQ
Hilton
Head
Island
became
the
headquarters
for
the
U.S
Army's
Department
of
the
South
by
February
1862.
There
were
over
600
former
slaves
seeking
refuge
in
Union
Army
Camps
on
the
island,
Major
General
Ormsby
Mitchell
proposed
to
create
a
town
for
the
escaped
slaves
on
confederate
general
Thomas
drayton's
fish,
Hall
Plantation,
the
town
was
called
Mitchellville.
AQ
AR
AR
AQ
AS
They
built
a
town
which
I
understand
had
broad
boulevards.
Houses
were
on
quarter,
acre
lots.
They
themselves
built
the
houses
that
they
lived
in
from
the
materials
that
were
given
to
them
by
the
United
States
Army,
and
to
think
that
they
were
the
ones
who
created
the
first
compulsory
education
system
in
the
South.
The.
AQ
People
of
Mitchellville
work
for
the
Union
Army
during
the
war
and
the
subsequent
occupation.
When
the
Army
left
Hilton
Head
in
1868,
most
jobs
went
with
it.
Mitchellville
soon
declined
from
nearly
3
000
residents
to
just
a
few
families.
By
1880
it
ceased
to
be
a
town
by
the
mid-1950s.
Only
Hilton
head's,
older
residents
remembered
Mitchellville
and
its
important
history.
The.
J
Story
of
Mitchellville
never
really
went
away,
however.
Over
the
years
as
older
persons
died,
who
were
more
familiar
with
more
historical
details,
it
was
passed
on
to
others.
However,
it
was
never
really
pushed
very,
very
hard.
There's
still
a
need
to
reacquaint
the
current
New
Generation.
All
of
the
new
residents
of
Hilton
Head
need
to
be
totally
aware
of
the
rich.
True
history
of
Hilton
Head
in.
AQ
The
1980s
archaeologists
found
remnants
of
Mitchellville
and
recorded
it
as
an
archaeological
site.
The
site
was
listed
on
the
national
register
of
historic
places
in
1988.
in
2012
extension
of
the
Hilton
Head
Airport
runway
required
archaeologists
to
return
to
Mitchellville
and
study
areas
that
would
be
affected
by
construction.
There's.
AR
A
lot
that
we
know
about
Mitchellville,
but
there's
very
much
that
we
don't
know
we
have
good
maps
of
Mitchellville
as
it
was
laid
out
as
the
streets
were
laid
out
in
a
grid
and
the
houses
were
built
on
it.
There
were
different
buildings,
but
we
don't
know
specifically
where
each
building
was.
We
know
where
some
of
the
Stockyards
and
the
cattle
pins
and
different
facilities
were,
but
we
don't
know
if
individual
houses
were
actually
constructed.
Was
this
a
concept
map
that
this
was
the
plan
that
they
intended
to
build?
AR
AQ
AT
AR
What
we're
finding
is
where
these
houses
are
or
where
the
artifacts
are
in
some
sites,
there's
stuff
scattered
all
over
the
place.
That's
not
the
case
in
Mitchellville.
Mitchellville
is
really
maybe
20
years
at
the
most
of
occupation,
and
then
it's
gone.
It's
dissipated
as
a
town.
That's
another
question.
You
know
that
some
people
live
on
past
1880s
and
where
did
they
choose
to
live.
AQ
AR
AR
You
had
people
that
were
moving
from
enslavement
with
had
nothing
to
a
free
market
economy.
They
had
to
spend
their
money
on
food
and
clothing
and
the
things
that
everybody
needs
to
live
but
they're
having
money
to
spend.
They
had
disposable
income
for
the
first
time.
So
one
of
the
interesting
questions
that
we
as
archaeologists
want
to
know
is
what
were
they
buying?
What
did
they
choose
to
buy
with
with
their
money?
That's.
AQ
The
field
investigations
are
just
the
first
step
in
the
work
being
done
to
study
this
portion
of
Mitchellville.
All
of
the
data
and
artifacts
gathered
during
this
work
will
be
analyzed
and
interpreted.
The
results
will
be
presented
in
a
written
report
that
can
be
shared
with
other
researchers
and
the
public
I.
AU
J
Very
pleased
that
Mitchellville
has
seen
today
is
coming
alive
again
in
history.
In
reality,
there
is
a
great
need
for
Mitchellville
story
to
be
in
the
textbooks
and,
of
course,
to
become
a
major
part
of
the
American
history,
a
part
of
the
history
that
all
Americans
can
enjoy
and
and
continue
to
appreciate,
because
we
see
it
as
the
dawn
of
Freedom
here
on
Hilton
Head
foreign.
P
Port
Royal
sound
is
unique.
The
largest
ships
in
the
world
could
sail
into
Port
Royal
Sun
and
that's
what
generally
both
the
French
explorer
said,
all
the
ships
of
France,
nay,
all
the
ships
of
the
world,
could
safely
ride.
In
its
mounts,
it's
very
deep
and
very
unusual
and
if
you're
a
sailor
and
you
go
up
and
down
the
coast
on
the
Inland
Passage,
you
come
into
Port
Royal
sound.
You
know
it's
different,
you
can
smell
it.
AW
AW
P
AW
The
new
Ford
began
to
take
shape
in
1726
after
the
famous
settler
Colonel
John
Barnwell,
better
known
as
Tuscarora
Jack
returned
from
England,
with
the
independent
company
afoot,
a
regiment
of
British
regulars
for
the
next
seven
years.
Fort
Prince
Frederick,
a
small
structure
measuring
just
125
feet
by
75
feet,
existed
as
a
typical
Frontier
style
log
in
Earthen,
Fort
artillery
stood
at
the
ready
to
slow
any
approach
by
the
Spanish
Fleet.
AW
P
AW
And
although
the
British
occupied
Port
Royal
for
a
time
during
the
American
Revolution,
the
greatest
battle
waged
by
Fort
Prince
Frederick
over
the
next
century
and
a
half
was
one
with
the
weeds
and
the
weather,
a
planter
by
the
name
of
John
joyner-smith
came
into
possession
of
the
land
early
in
the
1800s.
Turning
the
expanse
above
the
Old
Fort
into
fields
of
cotton
tended
by
the
enslaved,
but
all
that
changed
in
November
of
1861.
When
Union
forces
overcame
the
Confederate
territory.
AY
AZ
But
that
area
on
those
Bluffs
above
Fort
Frederick
is
where
it'll
be
camps
again
throughout
the
war
and
there'll,
be
everything
from
artillery
to
infantry
encamped,
both
white
and
black
troops.
Throughout
the
area.
They
will
build
a
pier
over
top
of
the
walls
of
Fort
Frederick
out
into
the
Beaufort
River.
AZ
AW
They
are
joined
by
the
famed
Harriet
Tubman,
who
brought
many
people
to
Freedom
with
the
Underground
Railroad.
She
nursed
the
Civil
War
injured.
While
she
showed
the
newly
freed
people
how
to
willingly
work
in
a
wage-based
system
rather
than
being
forced
to
labor
under
the
threat
of
the
Lash
Miss
Laura
town
established
the
Penn
School
on
Saint
Helena
Island,
just
a
ferry
ride
across
the
sound
from
Fort
Frederick,
an
institution
that
is
still
in
operation.
Today.
AW
AY
P
When
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
was
read,
they
used
that
Fort
as
the
base
for
their
dock.
You
know,
and
the
dock
was
built
over,
the
top
of
the
fort
and
boats
came
in,
and
but
there
it
was
I
mean
in
ground
at
Ground.
Zero
of
that
event,
and
that
event
is
a
significant
event
has
ever
occurred
in
500
years
history.
This
County
certainly
and
one
of
the
most
important
events
in
the
state's
history.
AW
AW
In
the
winter
of
2015,
archaeologists
worked
to
excavate
the
remains
of
Fort
Frederick
in
preparation
for
the
day
when
it
will
be
accessible
to
the
public
by
land.
For
the
first
time
in
many
years,
Old
Fort
Frederick
is
also
being
given
a
new
layer
of
tabby
in
preparation
for
its
future
as
the
one
remaining
ambassador
to
witness
a
pivotal
historical
event.
AW
N
N
BA
So
basically,
this
is
a
chance
for
the
citizens
of
Beaufort
people
that
live
in
Beaufort
and
people
that
work
and
play
in
Beaufort
to
come
and
meet
all
of
the
entities
that
will
be
providing
services
for
them
in
the
event
of
another
storm.
So
you
have
every
agency
out
here.
That
would
would
be
involved
in
such
an
event,
and
people
can
actually
ask
them.
Questions
directly
face
to
face
and
get
the
get
the
good
information
from
the
horse's
mouth.
The
Emergency
Management
is
a
partnership,
it's
every
agency
at
every
level,
so
you
have
state
agencies.
BA
BB
BB
We
are
here
promoting
animal
safety,
preparing
us
for
hurricane
disaster
situations.
We
have
a
lot
of
great
information
that
people
should
obtain
just
to
know
where
to
go
in
case
of
hurricane.
A
lot
of
people
tend
to
leave
their
animals
behind.
We
have
to
do
a
lot
of
rescue.
It's
tied
up
a
lot
of
our
time,
so
knowing
and
being.