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From YouTube: Day 1: Enabling Communities to Grow the Internet
Description
Community Networks are a way to bridge the connectivity gap. They happen when people come together to build and maintain Internet infrastructure to connect on their own terms. Internet by the community, for the community. In this session, community members from Pakistan to Hawaii will showcase their success stories and experiences in facing a range of different challenges related to community networks. We'll look at concrete examples of how you can get engaged and help grow the Internet locally.
Speakers: Kristine Gyonjyan, Ucha Seturi, Talant Sultanov, Max Stucchi
A
And
welcome
to
this
session
about
community
networks.
Here
at
the
community
week
there
I'm
going
to
be
the
moderator
I'm
max
and
I'm
from
internet
society.
I
work
with
most
of
the
time
with
not
only
these
three
that
our
lady,
christine
and
and
the
gentleman
you
see
on
the
call
I
work
with
community
networks,
together
with
juan
piranha
and
many
other
colleagues
in
the
community
networks,
project
teams,
and
today
we
will
focus
on
europe.
A
This
session
is
for
the
time
zones
of
europe
and
also
africa
in
the
middle
east.
But
here
we
have
three
examples
of
people
of
champions,
how
we
call
them
people
who
have
implemented
or
are
implementing
community
networks
in
their
countries,
and
we
have
set
up
a
quick
nice
session
for
you
to
understand
how
their
work
is,
what
they're
doing
what
the
plans
for
the
future
are,
and
hopefully
they'll
give
you
some
inspiration
for
community
networks
in
your
country.
A
This
is
a
session
that
we,
where
I
had
the
idea
of
building
it
out
of
the
successful
2019
cn
summit
in
tibilizi.
We
had
a
large
gathering
back
then,
when
we
could
still
meet
in
person.
A
Ucha
and
talent
were
speakers
there
already
christine
was
not
a
speaker
there,
but
we'll
get
to
what
how
she
got
from
that
meeting
to
to
where
she
is
nowadays.
So
let
me
ask
talent
first
to
introduce
himself.
The
project
they've
been
they've
been
working
on,
talent
is
from
kyrgyzstan
and
they
have
sort
of
championed
community
networks
for
a
few
years
now.
So
thailand
welcome.
B
Thanks
so
much
max,
it's
a
pleasure
to
be
part
of
this
panel
to
share
experiences
of
kyrgyzstan
community
networks.
We
have
built
one
community
network
in
the
village
of
susamur
in
process
of
doing
one
community
network
in
the
village
of
zardali
in
batkin
province.
It's
a
very
close
to
tajikistan
and
afghanistan
and
about
to
start
a
new
project
in
a
village
called
angry
check,
which
is
like
25
kilometers.
I
guess
from
the
border
with
china
and
kazakhstan.
B
So
I'd
be
happy
to
share
experiences,
how
we
did
the
first
minute
network
and
how
we
are
approaching
the
the
new
network
that
we
are
about
to
to
build.
Is
it
good
for
introductions
max
or
you
want
integrated.
B
Thanks
so
much
so
the
the
first
community
network
we
built
in
summer
a
few
years
ago,
and
actually
we
got
the
inspiration
from
mucha
when
we
saw
that
which
I
built
the
one
in
in
georgia
and
it
was
actually
featured
in
the
new
york
times.
So
I
think
this
was
like
a
very
good
model
for
us
to
follow
and
we
built
our
community
network
in
the
village
of
susamur.
B
Of
course,
it
was
a
first
experience
for
us
and
we
learned
many
lessons.
Both
kind
of
there
were
challenges.
There
were
good
opportunities.
I
think
one
of
the
biggest
lessons
was
to
have
a
local
champion
when
we
built
a
community
network
in
susamur.
B
We
came
to
the
village
and
we
kind
of
proposed
the
bill
to
the
residents
in
the
village
that
we
will
bring
internet
to
you,
and
initially
the
local
residents
were
kind
of
not
so
eager
about
it
because
they
didn't
really
realize
what
would
be
the
the
use
for
it
and
the
secret
for
us
to
bring
it
to
bring
interest
of
the
local
residents
was
to
say
that
they
said.
Can
we
watch
tv
over
the
internet
because
they
wanted
to
watch
television,
many
channels
who
said
sure,
of
course,
and
then
they
asked
well?
B
Can
we
can
we
watch
sports
channels
and
I
think
that
was
kind
of
the
the
key
that
that
raised
the
interest
of
the
local
community,
but,
of
course,
for
our
main
goal
was
to
bring
connect
the
school
to
the
hospital,
the
local
municipality,
so
that
the
residents
could
enjoy
not
only
the
entertainment,
not
only
the
social
media
part,
but
actually
the
kind
of
all
productive
uses
and
what
was
really
interesting
for
us.
B
We
trained
local
residents
to
build
the
actually
to
connect
the
fiber
optic
lines
and
to
bring
them
into
the
households
and
to
the
offices,
and
it
was
a
17
year
old
kid
who
learned
to
do
it
very
well
ibrahim,
and
we
mentioned
about
him
during
the
summit
in
in
kubilisi.
B
B
A
Thank
you.
Thank
you
talent,
so,
as
you
can
see,
talent
in
and
and
his
team
in
kyrgyzstan
took
inspiration
from
from
ucha
and
the
work
done
in
in
georgia.
So
what
have
you
been
doing
in
georgia
and
and
how?
How
is
it,
helping
the
local
population
there.
C
Hello
max
thanks
for
inviting
me-
and
it's
a
really
big
pleasure
to
be
here
and
share
georgian
experience
and
our
notes
to
intern
support
the
community.
First
of
all,
we
started
this
project
in
2017
and
by
the
way
we
started
this
project.
We
support
our
internet
society
in
highlands
into
shetty
highlands.
This
is
a
near.
The
russian
border
area
is
a
very
highly
remote
area
and
for
seven
months
the
roads
are
closed.
Just
you
can
use
a
helicopter
to
reach
this
destination.
C
So
we
did
this
project
in
three
months
and
the
cover
of
54
villages
of
this
area,
with
the
wi-fi
technology
network
with
microtech
and
other
devices.
So
and
after
that,
each
of
the
sites
support
us.
A
supporter.
C
We
check,
changes,
reality
economics
of
the
region
of
the
area
so
and
we
found
that
e-commerce
right
for
70
percent
in
this
area,
incomes
and
etc.
So
the
internet
is
changed
in
this
area
like
every
daily
life,
because
they
don't
have
a
road.
C
They
don't
have
electricity,
not
got
nothing,
they
have
just
solar
panels
and
the
internet,
but
this
is
changed
their
life,
as
talent
mentioned
about
new
york
times
article
after
that,
our
government
was
very,
very
happy
with
this,
and
in
2018,
the
indian
society
and
our
ministry
of
economy
side
memorandum
of
understanding
between
each
other
about
the
about
the
partnership,
the
beginning
of
the
partnership
of
the
next
region.
So
we
move
to
the
next
region.
C
So
there
we
cover
more
than
120
refugees
and
about
more
than
up
to
500
families,
and
the
situation
is
the
same.
The
people
there
are
people,
without
without
roads
they
are
delivering
their
stuff
for
using
horses
and
that's
it
and
but
they
have
internet,
and
we
have
quite
good
updates
from
the
areas,
because
the
new
generation
is
going
back.
That's
very
important
part
both
because
we
have
the
post
communist
country,
as
are
many
others.
Kyrgyzstan
is,
is
in
1960s
and
70s.
C
C
Yes,
so
situation
is
quite
exchange
there
so
internet,
and
they
are
talking
about
the
very
touristic
areas
for
hiking
for
traveling
in
touche
tips
already,
because
they
authentic
all
castles
or
people,
while
nature
etc.
C
So
they
are
creating
starting
to
build
their
own
small
hostels
and
starting
doing
business
even
selling
their
goods
in
the
internet.
So
I'm
trying
to
be
very
brief,
but
I
I
think
we
we
need,
maybe
in
two
or
three
hours,
to
explain
to
describe
all
changes
all
the
area,
because
the
internet
in
this
area
changed
reality
changed
people's
daily
life.
C
C
I
don't
know
a
lot
of
new
stuff
there
and
challenges,
and
you
know
this
is
very
highland
for
georgia,
so
we
have
about
10
sites
into
chat
yet
about
50
sites
in
90
of
these
locations
and
mass
are
not
using
central
electricity.
So
we
are
using
solar
energy,
that's
our
challenge
so
lightening,
sometimes
twice
or
maybe
you
know
your
family
is
our
challenges,
but
it's
we
are
dealing
with
this
challenge
and
I
can
also
say
the
the
readiness
of
the
local
population.
C
So
we
need-
and
we
are
looking
working
about
this
with
local
government-
to
start
awareness,
rising
program
for
end
users
in
the
highlands,
so
very
briefly
about
student
project
and
the
voter
replication.
C
We
have
donor
in
our
last
project
about
40
percent
of
their
funding
was
covered
directly
by
the
government
as
a
as
a
gift
for
the
local
population
without
some
and
he
called
the
internet
society
involvement,
and
they
are
also
asking
us
to
move
to
the
west
of
georgia
and
the
cover
also
tune
on
several
areas
in
suaneti
and
in
algeria,
highlands
near
the
turkish
border.
C
So
right
now
we
are
doing
starting
or
finalizing
our
my
point
of
the
budget,
and
after
that
we
will
share
information
with
our
partners
first
of
all,
with
internet
society.
Just
very
briefly
about
us
max.
So
I'm
here,
if
someone
is
interested,
we
are
here.
A
Yeah,
thank
you.
Thank
you
very
much
and
welcome
so
you
could.
You
could
feel
the
the
passion
from
ucha
the
passion
from
from
talent-
and
this
has
we
know
inspired
christine,
who
was
a
participant
at
the
2019
cn
european
cn
summit
in
tbilisi.
So
from
there
tell
us
what
what
what
you
learned
from
that
from
that
event
and
what
brought
you
to
to
work
on
community
networks
since
then,.
D
A
D
Hello,
everyone.
Thank
you
very
much
for
inviting
to
this
great
event,
and
this
is
great
opportunity
to
talk
about
cn
pilot
project
in
armenia.
Currently,
we
are
implementing
a
community
network
pilot
project
in
armenia
in
one
of
the
remote
areas
of
ararat
region.
I
have
learned,
as
max
already
mentioned,
about
the
community
networks
in
georgia
in
2019
during
the
european
cn
conference,
and
I
have
learned
about
the
great
job
done
in
georgia
and
other
countries
which
was
very
inspiring
and
motivating
after
discussing
the
cn
in
more
details
with
isoc
stuff.
D
D
According
to
public
service
regulatory
committee,
there
is
100
internet
coverage
in
armenia,
but
in
some
rural
areas
the
internet
is
access,
is
very
poor
or
even
not
accessible
at
all,
and
as
we
saw
in
kyrgyzstan,
people
are
interested
in
having
more
services
than
just
an
internet
for
calls
or
for
viber
or
something
else.
D
It
should
be
noted
that
36
percent
of
armenian
population
lives
in
rural,
sometimes
in
isolated
areas,
where
the
geographical
conditions
make
it
difficult
to
develop
infrastructure,
especially
during
the
covet
19,
when
all
the
pupils
and
students
had
to
pass
their
classes
online
by
the
way
currently
in
armenia,
the
students
still
learn
online
and
many
companies
work
remotely.
D
During
the
cn
conference
in
the
policy,
I
found
out
the
answer
of
the
questions
I
always
get
from
the
rural
areas.
Community
members,
which
is
how
they
can
be
involved
in
getting
better
quality
internet,
so
cn,
is
the
opportunity
we
could
use
in
these
cases
where
opportunity
where
operators
don't
see
any
business
case.
D
Currently
electronic
community
communication
sector
is
priority
in
armenia,
for
armenian
government
and
government
is
looking
for
broadband
development
based
models
for
rural
areas.
The
question
of
having
broadband
internet
in
all
over
the
armenia
is
always
a
matter
of
discussion
in
armenian
government.
This
issue
has
been
discussed
in
before
the
stakeholders
with
international
and
local
companies.
D
The
project
has
been
planned
in
details
with
the
community.
The
partners
has
been
identified.
A
No
thank
you
christine
just
for
the
for
those
who
are
watching
here.
We
have
a
woman
on
the
panel
and
she
spoke
last,
but
that
was
because
we
were
building
a
story
from
talent
to
ucha
who
created
it
all
and
then
christine
who
follows
who's
been
following
their
their
path,
and
so
now
I'll
go
back
to
to
tala,
and
you
mentioned
now,
you're
working
on
three
community
networks,
three
different
in
three
different
areas.
What
is
the?
What
are
you
specifically
working
on?
What
is
the?
A
What
are
the
challenges
you're,
seeing
now,
where
you're
bringing
new
connectivity
and
what
has
changed
since
you
started
back
with
susamir.
B
I
think
the
pandemic
was
the
kind
of
the
major
kind
of
challenge
that
forced
all
of
us
to
understand
the
importance
of
the
internet
and
when
we
went
a
week
ago,
traveling
to
villages
that
have
no
connectivity,
all
the
people
were
coming
to
us
saying
that
we
need
internet
and
it
was
really
emotional
situation
because
for
some
reason
the
minister
of
education
said
all
the
schools
must
go
online.
B
They
didn't
differentiate
that
you
know
some
schools
are
located
in
very
small
villages
and
they
have
no
internet
thus,
and
people
just
go
about
their
daily
lives.
Just
like
there
was
no
epidemic
because
small
communities,
however,
because
the
there
was
a
regulation
keeping
children
away
from
school
and
teachers
they
had
to
come
up
with.
Some
kind
of
you
know
ways
to
continue
education
for
a
year
and
a
half.
B
B
B
We
would
talk
to
teachers
and
they
say
well,
we
need
kind
of.
We
are
asked
to
provide
new
ways
of
educating
children,
but
we
don't
have
access
to
this
information,
so
we
travel
25,
kilometers
to
nearby
place
to
download
whatever
new
kind
of
updates.
We
have
and
then
bring
it
to
in
to
the
school,
and
then
we
share
it
with
with
the
with
the
children
in
another
village,
when
we,
where
we
went,
we
met
with
some
families.
B
They
said
we
sent
our
kids
to
a
town
which
is
like
one
day
a
way
of
traveling
like
from
angel
check
to
caracal,
because
we
have
no
online
education,
but
we
don't
want
our
daughter
to
miss
school.
B
So
these
are
the
situations
that
we
kind
of
saw
in
in
this
villages
and,
of
course,
government
tried
to
connect
all
the
schools
and
but
it
said
there
are
28
locations
where
we
cannot
provide
internet,
it's
just
impossible
and
we
decided
to
make
it
as
our
personal
challenge
that
we
will
take
the
most
difficult
locations,
the
most
remote
areas,
and
if
we
as
a
small
ngo,
can
connect
these
locations
to
the
internet,
then
it
should
be
possible
to
provide
quality
connectivity
to
everywhere
else
in
the
country,
and
that's
why
we
started
doing
work
in
the
village
of
zardali
and
as
which
I
mentioned
it's
a
very
similar
situation.
B
We
had
to
bring
solar
panels
and
we
had
to
carry
all
of
these
things
over
very
difficult
mountain
kind
of
passes
where
only
local
animals,
local
donkeys,
can
cross
these
roads
because
all
other
animals
get
scared
and
fall
off
the
cliffs,
and
you
know
it
was
really
interesting,
like
the
local
population,
was
very
ingenious
in
kind
of
coming
up
with
solutions,
because
you
don't
find
many
things
as
easily
in
these
villages,
as
you
would
find
in
in
the
capital
city,
then
another
lesson
we
learned.
B
For
example,
when
we
went
to
another
village,
the
local
population
kind
of
knows
what
would
be
the
best
so
this
they
asked
the
government.
Please
connect
us
to
the
internet.
The
government
says
it
will
be
hundreds
of
thousands
of
dollars
to
bring
broadband,
but
there
are
other
options
which
would
cost
you
maybe
10
times
less,
because
hundreds
of
thousands
of
dollars
to
connect
the
village
of
a
hundred
households-
maybe
not
really
economically,
as
christine
mentioned,
that
no
private
sector
will
go
there
and
the
government
has
no
such
money
but
the
local
residents.
B
B
There
is
a
village
which
you
have
to
cross
with
horses
checking
one
day
but
which
it
also
doesn't
have
internet
connectivity,
but
you
can
connect
two
villages
at
once,
so
this
was
like
an
illustration
that
when
you
speak
to
local
communities,
you
can
actually
come
up
with
a
very
good
potential
solutions
for
bringing
internet,
and
it
doesn't
really
it's
not
really
much
about
the
money
but
about
finding
kind
of
the
the
right
technology-
and
I
guess
very
key
here-
is
the
policy
and
regulations
are
the
most
difficult
aspect
that
we
faced
with
and
if
you
get
a
chance
later,
maybe
I
can
talk
more
about
that.
A
Yeah,
thank
you.
Thank
you
talent.
So
this
is
the
clear
example
where
you
need
technology,
but
you
also
need
a
an
agile
way
of
finding
solutions.
Right,
talent,
figuring
out
the
exact
well,
even
even
the
the
exact
animals
you
need
to
bring
internet
to
to
a
certain
place
or
figuring
out
how
to
how
to
use
the
existing
infrastructure
yeah.
So
thank
you.
That's
that's
a
very
good
good
example,
but
then
ucha.
What
are
you
working
on
instead
in
in
georgia?
A
I
know
you
have
an
ambitious
project
and
well
we
we've
been
helping
you
with
that.
So
what
is
happening
there.
C
Oh
yeah,
it's
a
surprise
from
our
side
to
support
of
you
and
the
local
community
members.
In
the
beginning,
we
started
with
a
backhoe
link
connected
42
kilometers
is
a
mine
backbone.
Part
of
our
network
network
left
is
about
200
kilometers,
but
40
kilometer
was
the
biggest
distance
between
two
leagues,
so
capacity
was
up
to
400
megabit
per
second.
It
was
enough
in
the
beginning,
but
the
last
years
we
started
to.
C
Check
our
network
capacity
and
the
traffics
and
etc
so
we
found
find
out
that
we
need
additional
capacity
and
when
I
was
on
the
meeting
in
paris
a
few
years
ago
about
the
community
networks,
I
remember
the
point
of
view
of
my
colleagues
about
the
fiber
optic
connection
in
time.
Most
thinking
is
it
all.
We
don't
see
the
fiber
radio
will
be
enough,
but
we
have
no
opportunity.
C
So
that's
why
we
ask
you
to
support
us
to
start
connect,
disabled
areas
to
the
mind
backward
network
of
georgia
and
even.
C
Right
now
or
yeah
by
backbone
areas
and
we're
also
thinking
about
the
next
project
or
growing
project,
to
connect
our
community
to
pvc
node,
because
I
also
have
to
say
a
few
words
about
another
project:
ixp
project
for
eastern
and
western
georgia.
So
we
have
to
connect
also
to
three.
This
is
our
community
network.
I
hope
in
film
in
two
or
three
months.
So
right
now
we
have
length
of
the
backbone
network
is
60
kilometers.
C
We
have
to
connect
my
nodes
and
mine
mass
to
the
backbone
network,
but
we
have
also
there
our
let's
say
competitors
from
the
mobile
operators.
They
are
covering
just
mine
cities,
not
cities,
actually
big
villages,
I
can
say,
but
they
really
don't
care
about
the
remote
areas
and
villages
war
with
two
or
three
or
four
settlements
at
all,
because
it's
a
business
and
understandable,
there's
christian
told
about
the
remote
areas
in
armenia
same
in
georgia
and
in
every
country,
it's
economics,
so,
but
they
have
no
fiber
optic
connection
in
these
areas.
C
They
are
connecting
with
the
passive
networks,
with
big
all
these
big
devices,
even
with
four
or
five
meter
diameter.
So
now
we
are
going
first
of
all
to
solve
our
own
challenges
of
the
connection
capacity
and
speed,
and
after
that
we
can
give
for
a
rent,
also
another
dax
for
mobile
operators
to
rise
our
business
sustainability,
because
it's
very
important
we
are
about
our
employment.
I
can
say
a
few
words
because
we
have
six
people
from
the
local
community.
We
are
back.
C
We
are
paying
salary,
it's
not
too
much,
maybe
200
us
dollar
per
month,
but
for
locals
it's
interesting
money,
because
in
wintertime
they
are
not
working
at
all.
They
are
free,
almost
two
days
or
three
days
in
a
week.
So
right
now
we
are
waiting
for
the
permission
from
the
royal
department
about
the
right
of
way.
We
bought
cable
with
the
ukrainian
factory
and
get
cheaper
price
than
what's
in
our
budget
for
20
euro
cents.
C
I
don't
remember
the
such
kind
of
details
so
right
now,
weathering
highlands
is
not
bad,
so
we
have
to
use
this
time
and
hope
hope
to
finish
to
connect
my
biggest
city
to
the
backbone
in
two
weeks.
C
A
Yeah,
so
you
you
have
answered
my
question
and
indirectly
answered
part
of
sherman's
question
on
on
the
chat
and
the
question
I'll
read
it
now,
but
then
we'll
go
to
christine
and
we'll
get
back
to
the
question
in
a
moment:
the
sustainability
of
all
these
projects.
How
do
you,
how
do
you
ensure
the
sustainability
which
business
model
are
you
using
to
ensure
this
sustainability,
which
I
just
showed
an
example
where
building
infrastructure
and
renting
it
out
to
other
organizations
can
bring
in
money
to
explore
the
parts
of
sustainability?
A
We'll
get
back
to
this?
I
will
ask
you:
I
will
ask
this
question
to
to
talent
in
a
moment,
but
first
christine
what?
What
are
your
projects
right
now?
What
is
the
status
of
of
the
cn
in
armenia?
Your
pilot.
D
Yeah,
thank
you
max.
It
took
quite
a
long
time
from
learning
about
cn
in
2019,
2019
and
starting
the
implementation
process.
We
were
ready
to
start
the
project
in
2020
we
had
lots
of
discussions
with
isoc
local
government,
public
regulatory
and
the
community
to
understand
all
the
pros
and
cons
of
starting
community
networks
in
armenia.
D
So
I
tried
to
predict
everything
but
kovic,
19
lockdowns
and
the
war
between
armenia
and
azerbaijan
during
2020
was
unpredictable,
so
we
just
frozen
the
discussions
and
restarted
it
in
2021,
even
for
we
still
have
not
a
good
situation
in
armenia.
Now
we've
covet
19
this
year
we
managed
to
start
the
implementations
process,
so
I'm
very
excited
to
be
part
of
this
project
as
it
brings
new
opportunities
to
the
community
and
I
hope
that
they
work
properly
and
we
can
extend
that
model
of
other
communities
as
well.
D
As
I
told
in
the
beginning,
we
are
running
the
we
are.
We
have
started
to
implement
the
process
in
one
of
the
remote
areas
of
ararat
region.
Currently
we
are
trying
to
get
a
license
from
the
regulatory
because
in
our
country
we
need
to
also
license
if
we
want
to
have
a
network,
even
if
it
runs
by
the
community,
everybody
should
have
a
license.
So
we
are
now
preparing
the
documents
for
getting
the
license
and
after
getting
the
license,
hopefully
we
will
start
the
implementation
process.
D
Also,
we
have
ordered
some
equipment.
We
have
designed
all
the
projects
involved,
the
community
members,
so
hopefully,
at
the
end
of
november
we
can
start
the
implementation
and
at
the
end
of
the
year
we
already
will
run
the
project.
A
So,
let's
get
back
to
the
question
from
from
shernan
and
let's
mix
it
up
together
with
that
we
have
a
new
question
that
asks:
do
you
build
bandwidth
or
do
you
build
by
bundle,
so
I
think
the
question
we
can
enlarge
it
to
be
talent.
How
do
you
build
your
your
users?
Do
you
have
a
a
fixed
price?
Do
you
do
you
apply?
Do
you
have
different
packages?
B
Thank
you
very,
very
good
questions
and
we
had
to
work
on
these
issues
very
hard
in
in
very
close
cooperation
with
the
with
the
community.
So
I'm
I'm
talking
about
the
susa
murkies
at
the
moment,
so
the
local
users
are
now
paying
about
little
less
than
I
think
about
eight
dollars
per
month
for
broadband
connection
to
their
to
their
homes
and
the
price
was
set
during
the
discussions
on
in
town
halls.
B
Like
we
asked
how
much
could
you
what
would
be
the
price
that
you
think
would
be
fair
and
relevant,
and
based
on
that,
we
calculated
how
many
households
we
would
need
to
connect
to
to
have
to
reach
the
break-even
point.
Our
model
in
susamur
is
like
a
tri-party
cooperation
between
the
individual
households
connected
to
the
internet,
a
local
ngo
village
level
ngo,
and
they
let
we
could
say,
a
wholesale
internet
provider.
B
So
the
the
provider
collects
all
the
payments
from
the
users
and
kind
of
transfers
back
a
little
portion
of
it,
maybe
10
percent
or
15
percent
to
the
local
ngo,
so
that
the
local,
the
village
level
ngo,
can
maintain.
The
network
can
pay
the
kind
of
director
and
the
accountant
and,
if
necessary,
can
buy
the
equipment,
and
this
model
has
been
working
very
well,
but
of
course
it
has
own
challenges
as
well.
B
So
the
sustainability
issue
is
not
only
about
the
financial
aspect,
but
also,
I
guess,
about
the
technical
aspects
and
the
operating
and
christine
talked
about
the
licensing.
So
here
I
wanted
to
talk
a
little
bit
about
you
know,
policy
and
regulations,
so
doesn't
it
for
the
government?
It
doesn't
matter.
Are
you
if
you
are
a
local,
very
small
village,
level,
ngo
or
your
national
non-government
organization?
B
B
It
takes
a
lot
of
time
and
a
lot
of
knowledge.
So
this
is
something
that
we
had
to
keep
in
mind.
Another
thing
is
also
taking
maintaining
the
network
from
the
technical
standpoint.
We
were
lucky
to
have
the
ibrahim
who
knew
how
to
do
it,
but
he
left
for
capital
city
to
do
his
university
studies
and
suddenly
there
is
nobody
in
the
village
now
who
could
you
know
fix
it?
So
we
also
had
to
kind
of
think
about
this.
B
These
aspects
as
well-
and
here
I
wanted
to
mention
a
couple
of
points
on
policy
and
regulation
in
addition
to
licensing
access
to
spectrum,
is
a
big
issue,
so
we
couldn't
do
it
ours.
In
ourselves.
We
had
to
find
a
telecom
operator
who
had
a
kind
of
spectrum
allocated
to
it
to
to
be
able
to
connect
the
village
to
the
internet.
However,
finding
such
partners
was
very
difficult,
not
always
easy.
So
when
we
did
this
connectivity
in
in
the
next
village
second
village
zardalee.
B
A
Yep,
thank
you,
thailand
and,
as
you
can
see,
shernan
and
and
zach
the
there
are
two
types
of
sustainability
you
have
to
keep
in
mind.
There
is
the
money
on
one
side
and
the
people,
the
sustainability
of
the
people
and
not
for
the
infrastructure
itself,
how
you
maintain
all
of
it.
How
are
you
solving
these
issues?
Ucha
in
your
community
networks.
C
Okay,
now
I
I'll
try
to
explain
very
briefly
because
we
have
agreement
memorandum
between
us
and
society
and
in
in
our
agreement
we
wrote
that
we
have
no
right
to
add
more
than
10
percent
of
the
benefit
from
our
operational
cost
in
our
fees.
So
we
are
taking
all
the
expenses
adding
just
10
percent
and
that's
it,
but
we
have
good
points
for
our
business
model,
for
example
into
shetty
project,
small
hostels.
They
are
about
60,
end
users,
but
40
from
them
are
small
hostels.
C
So
in
active
tourism
period
they
are
paying
a
triple
capacity,
and
that's
enough
for
just
one
person
who
is
dealing
with
all
challenges
in
this
area
in
pshaq
history
region.
So
we
have
two
big
villages
with
more
than
two,
not
150
families.
C
Actually
so
these
two
refugees
are
creating
mine
amount,
all
the
incomes,
so
in
them
in
money
we
have
three
or
three
type
of
services,
because
in
highlands
people
have
some
problems
with
income,
so
we
have
lowest
one
for
three
dollar
for
12
megabits
per
second,
we
have
20
megabits
per
second
for
seven
dollar
and
for
the
commercial
one
and
the
from
the
governmental
services,
because
border
services,
local
schools,
they
are
regular
users
because
procurements
processing,
etc,
etc.
C
So
we
have
about
about
4000,
5000
u.s
dollars
per
month
and
the
105
enough
for
salaries
and
what
another
part
for
traveling
and
etc
another
part
for
future.
So
if
you
have
some
problems
related
with
the
hardware
etc,
we
have,
we
are
going
to
the
store
and
replacing
so
no
and
saving,
maybe
well
1000.
C
Maybe
2000
depends
on
the
weather
anyway,
so
and
it's
creating
sustainability
of
the
business
models,
and
we
are
it's
actually
community
letters,
so
we
are
playing
for
free,
for
example,
I'm
happy
from
the
outside,
with
the
reporting
and
etc
regulation,
communication
with
other
operators
etc
for
free,
so
director
is
also
working
almost
for
free.
So
it's
something
for
our
soul
for
our
community
members
for
our
society
members.
So
that's
a,
I
think,
that's
my
point
of
the
business
sustainability
of
the
community
networks.
A
A
D
As
I
told
before,
it
was
the
biggest
question
to
discuss
before
to
start
the
project,
because
this
is
really
a
challenge:
how
to
get
the
money
to
keep
the
sustainability
of
the
project.
So
we
we
are
going
to
use
the
model
like
we
are
building
the
backbone
until
the
village
and
making
internal
network,
and
afterwards
we
are
asking
the
telecom
companies
to
come
and
rent
the
the
network
and
pay
the
fee
of
renting,
and
this
is
the
best
model
we
discussed
from
several
of
of
of
the
of
the
models.
D
We
were
discussing
all
these
two
years
until
we
started.
Why?
Because
currently
people
are
requesting
more
services
and
they
they
need
good
tv
channels
to
see
to
watch.
They
need
some
best
internet
to
use
for
learning
for
working.
So
this
is
the
thing
that
telecom
operators
can
provide-
and
this
is
also
usable
for
community
networks
for
their
sustainability.
D
A
Yeah,
thank
you
christine
now.
We
have
a
very,
very,
very
interesting
question
from
from
a
participant
today.
What
is
the
one
mistake
you
have
learned
from
and
can
share
for
the
rest
of
us
to
be
in
the
know
regarding
growing
the
internet.
So
what
has
happened
to
you
that
you
would
say
I
learned
from
that.
Please
if
I
can
say
something,
don't
make
that
mistake.
Who
wants
to
take
this
ucha,
thailand
ucha.
I
see
youtube.
C
It
was
a
good
good
question
and
it
is
related
with
electricity,
because
we
are
using
solar
energy,
so
we
took
solar
energy,
but
on
the
attitude
of
3000,
it's
impossible.
It's
not
working
after
freezing,
it's
like
a
sandwich
with
the
snow,
so
it
was
a
biggest
challenge
for
us
two
years
ago.
We
also
we
are
using
border
service
helicopter
to
reach
its
destination
because
it
is
on
the
top
of
the
mast.
C
A
You
know
ucha,
which
I
just
mentioned
it
talent
mentioned
the
donkeys.
Talent
has
donkeys,
ucha
has
military
helicopters.
So
you
see
there
is
this.
This
discrepancy
between
the
two,
and
it
also
shows
how
different
it
can
be
to
to
bring
your
your
equipment
on
on
the
mountains
on
the
on
the
poles
talent.
Do
you
have
a
mistake
or
an
issue
that
you
would
like
to
share
with
us
that
you
had
and-
and
you
suggest,
people
not
go
the
same
way.
B
I
think
there
is
one
issue
that
is
always
on
my
mind
is
something
I
call
maybe
digital
innocence,
so
when
we
are
connecting
communities
who
are
who
are
unconnected
until
this
point,
I
feel
a
lot
of
responsibility,
because
internet
has
good
things
and
and
bad
things
in
it.
So
I
think
giving
kind
of
digital
skills
to
communities
to
understand
how
to
use
the
internet,
for
the
good
things
is,
is
something
we
I
guess
are
responsible
for.
In
the
post-soviet
space,
there
is
a
popular
movie
called
challenge.
B
It's
a
it's
about
a
person
in
the
wild
west
in
america
who
brought
cinema,
you
know,
and
he
brought
very
good
cinema.
However,
there
was
another
guy
who
brought
the
bad
cinema
to
the
town,
and
it
was
like
a
big
deep.
This
big
challenge,
how
to
keep
people
watching
the
good
cinema
instead
of
bad,
and
it's
a
big
challenge:
how
to
have
people
access
good
stuff
on
the
internet
rather
than
the
bad
stuff.
I
think
that's
something
that
we
need
to
keep
in
mind.
A
Oh
wow,
thank
you,
talent,
yes,
making
sure
that
people
get
access
to
the
internet
but
get
to
use
it
in
the
right
way
and
yes,
christine,
maybe
something
very
quick.
We
have
a
30
seconds
left.
D
Yes,
I
I
I
don't
remember
any
mistake
still
to
share,
but
I
would
just
continue
the
talents
words
that
we
are
planning
not
just
bring
the
internet
to
the
community,
but
also
already
planned
some
digital
skills
trainings
for
people
to
use
in
the
right
way.
Also,
some
media
education.
We
are
going
to
bring
to
the
schools
and
also
internet
safety,
which
is
very
important
to
use
the
internet
in
the
right
way.
D
So
also,
we
are
I'm
not
now
discussing
with
a
company
who
are
opening
an
engineering
laboratory
to
schools,
so
I'm
trying
to
find
some
money
to
bring
these
laboratories
to
to
to
this
community
as
well.
So
this
is
not
just
about
the
internet.
It's
also
about
education,
about
the
opportunities
about
a
good
future
for
the
community.
A
Wow,
thank
you.
These
are
very,
very
inspiring
words
as
well.
So
thank
you.
I
I
thank
you
all,
christine
first
talent
and
lucia,
also
in
alphabetical
order.
Thank
you
very
much,
and,
and
I
I
see
you
soon
and
I
hope
I
hope
this
was
an
interesting
session
for
all
of
those
who
participated
and
we
had
a
couple
of
interesting
questions.
So
thank
you
very
much.